Stroke in Children and Young Adults, Second Edition

0......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
Dedication......Page 3
Contributors......Page 4
Foreword
......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Stroke Incidence......Page 11
Stroke Presentation in Young Individuals......Page 12
Stroke Causes......Page 13
General......Page 14
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors......Page 15
Other Risk Factors......Page 16
Hematologic Risk Factors......Page 17
Brain Hemorrhage......Page 18
Risk of Stroke Recurrence......Page 19
Prognosis......Page 20
References......Page 21
Applied Anatomy of the Brain Arteries......Page 25
Origin of the Brain Arteries......Page 26
Vascular Malformations......Page 268
Anastomotic Circle of Willis......Page 27
Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Cerebellar Hemorrhage......Page 259
Master Plan for the Distribution of the Arteries from the Ventral Surface of the Brain......Page 28
Long Circumferential Arteries of the Brain......Page 29
Extradural Branches......Page 30
Infection......Page 32
Syndromes of Insufficiency or Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery......Page 33
Multiple Risk Factors......Page 34
Bilateral Anterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion......Page 35
Sequential Branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery......Page 36
Functional-Anatomic Regions Irrigated by the Middle Cerebral Arteries......Page 38
Motor and Speech Dysfunctions......Page 39
Origin of the Posterior Cerebral Artery, the Basilar Communicating Artery, and the True Junction of the Carotid and Vertebroba......Page 40
Distribution of the Superficial Branches of the Posterior Cerebral Artery......Page 41
Balint Syndrome......Page 42
Origin and Anatomic Features of Perforating Arteries of the Basal Forebrain......Page 43
Origin and Distribution of the Median-Paramedian Group of Medial Striate Arteries......Page 44
Clinical Syndrome of Recurrent Artery of Heubner Occlusion......Page 45
Comparison of Medial Striate Artery and Lenticulostriate Artery Territories......Page 46
Clinical Syndromes of Large Lateral Striate Artery (Striatocapsular) Infarcts......Page 48
Syndrome of Restricted Unilateral Infarction at a Superior Level of the Genu of the Internal Capsule......Page 49
Location of the Pyramidal Tract in Relation to the Genu......Page 50
Origin and Distribution......Page 51
Sensory Dysfunctions......Page 52
Determinants of the Size and Distribution of Thalamic Infarcts......Page 53
Syndrome of Thalamotuberal Artery Occlusion......Page 54
Motor Deficits......Page 56
Laterality of Infarction in the Thalamoperforant Artery Territory......Page 57
Origin and Distribution......Page 58
Neighborhood Signs Not Found......Page 60
Combined Paramedian Thalamic and Midbrain Infarcts (Paramedian Thalamopeduncular Infarcts)......Page 61
Internal Capsule......Page 62
Midbrain: Syndromes of Basilar Artery and Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion......Page 63
Syndromes of Benedikt, Claude, and Nothnagel......Page 64
Alternating Long Tract Signs and Cranial Nerve Palsies......Page 65
Locked-in Syndrome......Page 66
Origin and Distribution......Page 67
Syndromes of Superior Cerebellar Artery Occlusion......Page 69
Course and Distribution......Page 70
Course and Distribution......Page 71
Median-Paramedian Arteries of the Medulla and the Medial Medullary Syndromes of Dejerine, Babinski-Nageotte, and Opalski......Page 72
References......Page 73
Epidemiology......Page 79
Presentation......Page 83
Familial Occurrence......Page 322
Cavernous Malformations......Page 336
Conclusion......Page 84
Evaluation......Page 325
Radiology......Page 85
Long-term Therapy......Page 86
Magnetic Resonance Venography......Page 99
References......Page 87
Diagnostic Strategies in Neonates, Children, and Young Adults with Stroke......Page 91
Children......Page 92
Anatomy of the Cerebral Sinovenous System......Page 241
Diagnosis......Page 93
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 94
Computed Tomography......Page 95
Children and Young Adults......Page 96
Diffusion-weighted Imaging......Page 98
Carotid Ultrasound......Page 100
Evaluation......Page 101
Cerebral Ischemia......Page 102
Children and Young Adults......Page 103
Neonates......Page 104
Pathology......Page 105
References......Page 106
Risk Factors......Page 111
Clinical Features......Page 115
Paraclinical Evaluation......Page 117
Medical Therapy......Page 118
Plasminogen Abnormalities......Page 120
References......Page 121
Hypoplasia and Agenesis of the Internal Carotid Artery......Page 125
Moyamoya Disease......Page 126
Fibromuscular Dysplasia......Page 129
Cervicocephalic Arterial Dissections......Page 130
Radiation-induced Vasculopathies......Page 132
Germinal Matrix Intraventricular Hemorrhage in a Premature Infant......Page 260
Conclusion......Page 138
References......Page 264
Cardiac Disorders and Stroke in Children andYoung Adults......Page 145
Causes......Page 146
Valvular Heart Disease......Page 147
Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease......Page 148
Prosthetic Heart Valves......Page 149
Clinical Diagnosis......Page 150
Heparin Cofactor II Deficiency......Page 151
Congenital Heart Disease......Page 153
Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 155
Atrial Fibrillation......Page 156
Saccular Aneurysms......Page 157
Myocardial Infarction......Page 159
Intracardiac Tumors......Page 160
Intracardiac Defects with Paradoxical Embolism......Page 161
General Principles of Medical Management......Page 163
References......Page 164
Cerebral Infarction and Migraine......Page 170
Diagnostic Criteria for Migrainous Infarction......Page 171
Clinical Picture......Page 172
Pathophysiology......Page 173
Management of Migraine-Induced Infarctions......Page 176
References......Page 178
Primary Hypercoagulable States......Page 182
Activated Protein C Resistance......Page 183
Antithromb in Deficiency......Page 184
Prothrombin G20210A Mutation......Page 185
Homocystinuria, Hyperhomocysteinemia, and Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency......Page 186
Disorders of Fibrinogen......Page 187
Antiphospholipid Syndrome......Page 188
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria......Page 189
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura......Page 190
Sickle Cell Disease......Page 191
Pregnancy......Page 192
Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 193
Conclusion......Page 195
References......Page 252
Stroke and Pregnancy......Page 205
Epidemiology......Page 206
Cardiac Causes......Page 207
Thrombo-occlusive Disorders......Page 209
Arteritis and Arteriopathies......Page 210
Management of Ischemic Stroke in Pregnancy......Page 211
Hemorrhagic Stroke......Page 212
Conclusion......Page 215
References......Page 235
Inherited Disorders Causing Accelerated Atherosclerosis......Page 221
Inherited Nonatherosclerotic Vasculopathies......Page 223
Inherited Hematologic Abnormalities......Page 231
Inherited Cardiac Disorders......Page 232
Inherited Metabolic Disorders......Page 233
Incidence......Page 240
Clinical Presentation......Page 242
Clinical Presentations in Neonates and Infants......Page 243
Hypercoagulable States......Page 244
Inflammatory Conditions......Page 245
Neuroimaging......Page 246
Management......Page 247
Anticoagulation Therapy......Page 248
Conclusion......Page 249
Classification......Page 256
Subdural Hemorrhage......Page 257
Clinical Features......Page 262
Treatment Options......Page 263
Epidemiology......Page 267
Intracranial Aneurysms......Page 272
Arterial Hypertension......Page 273
Bleeding Diatheses......Page 274
Illicit Drug Use......Page 277
Intracranial Tumors......Page 278
Putaminal Hemorrhage......Page 280
Thalamic Hemorrhage......Page 282
Paraclinical Evaluation......Page 283
Treatment......Page 285
References......Page 288
Causes of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Young Patients......Page 295
Epidemiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 296
Evidence-based Risk Factor Modification Recommendations......Page 297
Pathophysiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 298
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography......Page 300
Catheter Angiography......Page 301
Aneurysm Obliteration......Page 302
Familial Aneurysms......Page 303
Blood Blister Aneurysms......Page 304
Traumatic Aneurysms......Page 307
Neurologic Intensive Care Management......Page 308
Prevention of Major Complications of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 309
Management of Neurologic and Medical Complications......Page 310
Perimesencephalic Hemorrhage......Page 312
Drug-related Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 314
Conclusion......Page 315
References......Page 316
Incidence......Page 321
Treatment......Page 323
Incidence......Page 324
Presentation......Page 326
Natural History......Page 327
Presentation......Page 328
Capillary Telangiectasias......Page 329
References......Page 330
Vascular Disorders of the Spinal Cord in Children and Young Adults......Page 333
Glomus Arteriovenous Malformation......Page 334
Perimedullary Arteriovenous Fistula......Page 335
Complex Vascular Malformations......Page 337
References......Page 338
A......Page 340
C......Page 341
D......Page 342
H......Page 343
L......Page 344
M......Page 345
P......Page 346
S......Page 347
T......Page 348
W......Page 349