Stress and Pheromonatherapy in Small Animal Clinical Behaviour

Stress and Pheromonatherapyin Small Animal Clinical Behaviour......Page 1
Stress and Pheromonatherapyin Small Animal Clinical Behaviour......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
1.1.1 STRESS AND CHANGE......Page 10
1.1.2 HOMEOSTASIS AND ALLOSTASIS......Page 11
1.1.3 PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS......Page 13
1.1.4 THE GENOME LAG AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSTRAINTS......Page 15
1.1.5 SAFETY AND ITS ROLE IN LIFE......Page 17
1.1.6 STRESSORS AND THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 18
1.1.7 SELYE AND THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME......Page 20
1.1.9 RESILIENCE......Page 26
1.2.1 TWO TYPES OF PERSISTENT STRESS......Page 27
1.2.1.3 ENTERIC DISEASE......Page 29
1.2.1.5 APPETITE CHANGES......Page 30
1.2.1.6 REPRODUCTIVE DISTURBANCE......Page 31
1.2.2 OTHER BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF PERSISTENT STRESS......Page 32
1.3.1 RECOGNISING SIGNS OF POSITIVE WELL-BEING......Page 36
1.3.2 BEHAVIOURAL ABNORMALITY......Page 37
1.4 STRESS AUDITING......Page 39
1.4.1 DEMANDS PLACED UPON THE ANIMAL......Page 40
1.4.3 ELEMENTS OF CHANGE......Page 41
1.5 CONCLUSION......Page 42
FURTHER READING......Page 43
PART I: Principles and ConceptsUnderpinning the Managementof Stress-related BehaviourProblems......Page 9
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 44
2.2 BEYOND BEHAVIORISM......Page 45
2.3 SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND PERCEPTION: BUILDING A PERSONAL WORLD VIEW......Page 47
2.4 INCENTIVES AND AVERSIVES......Page 54
2.4.1 REWARDS, PUNISHMENTS AND BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE......Page 55
2.4.2 GENERAL BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL PRIORITIES ASSOCIATED WITH INCENTIVES AND AVERSIVES......Page 57
2.5.1 MOTIVATIONAL?EMOTIONAL SYSTEMS and INDIVIDUAL PRIORITIES......Page 59
2.5.2 BEHAVIOURAL STRATEGIES AND SPECIFIC ACTION......Page 62
2.5.3 ADDRESSING SEVERAL NEEDS THROUGH A SINGLE BEHAVIOURAL ACTION......Page 64
2.5.4 HELPING ANIMALS TO MAKE THE RIGHT BEHAVIOURAL DECISIONS......Page 66
2.6.1 AROUSAL LEVEL......Page 67
2.6.3 PREPARATION FOR ACTION......Page 68
2.6.4 MOOD AND TEMPERAMENT......Page 69
2.7 CONCLUSION......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 74
FURTHER READING......Page 75
3.2 Communication......Page 76
3.2.2 Principles Of Communication......Page 77
3.2.3.1 Channel Used......Page 79
Visual signals......Page 80
Auditory signals......Page 81
Tactile signals......Page 82
Chemical signals/semiochemicals......Page 83
3.2.3.2 Integration Of Signals To Create A Message......Page 84
3.3.1 Discrete Versus Graded Signals......Page 87
3.3.3 Semiochemicals And Pheromonatherapy......Page 90
3.3.3.1 Advantages Of Chemical Signals Semiochemicals......Page 91
Individual characteristics......Page 93
3.3.3.3 Semiochemical Detection......Page 94
3.3.3.4 Structure of the Vno......Page 95
3.3.3.5 Pheromonatherapy......Page 96
3.4 Conclusion......Page 97
Further Reading......Page 98
4.2 Recognising The Nature Of A Problem Behaviour......Page 99
4.3.1 Aims Of The Consultation......Page 100
4.3.2 Interviewing Skills......Page 101
4.3.3 Assessing The Problem......Page 103
4.3.3.1 Assessing The Quality Of Information Obtained......Page 104
4.3.3.2 Identifying Conflicts Of Interest Between Pet And Owner......Page 105
4.3.4 Differential Diagnosis......Page 107
4.3.5 Risk Assessment......Page 108
4.4.1 The Medical?Behavioural Dichotomy......Page 110
4.4.2 Professional Obligations......Page 111
4.4.3 Medical Complications Of Behaviour Problems......Page 112
4.4.4 Medicine and the Environment......Page 114
4.4.5 An Integrated Rational Approach to Behaviour Problems and Health......Page 115
4.5 Conclusion......Page 116
Further Reading......Page 117
5.1.1 First Principles......Page 118
5.2 Behaviour -Management Options: Strategies and Techniques......Page 119
5.2.1 Strategies for Behavioural Change in the Patient......Page 120
5.2.2 Techniques for Behavioural Change in the Patient......Page 121
5.3.1 Prevent the Problem Behaviour From Being Expressed Strategy 1......Page 122
Negative effects on welfare......Page 123
Welfare considerations regarding removal or avoidance of trigger factors......Page 124
5.3.2.2 Altering the Perception of the Triggerof the Behaviour......Page 125
5.3.3 Allow The Expression Of The Motivation Underpinning the Problem Behaviour in a Modified Form Strategy 3......Page 126
5.3.4 Encourage Specific Alternative Behaviours to Replace the Problem Behaviour Strategy 4......Page 127
5.4 Management Options Sheet......Page 128
5.5 Bringing About Behavioural Change In The Client......Page 129
5.6 Conclusion......Page 131
Further Reading......Page 132
6.2.1 Pheromones......Page 134
6.2.2 Pheromonatherapy......Page 137
6.3 Pheromones: Creating Bias Rather Than Triggering Behaviour......Page 138
6.4 Characteristics of Signals Used in Pheromonatherapy......Page 139
6.5 Sources of Pheromones in the cat and dog......Page 140
6.6.2 Natural Versus Synthetic Preparations......Page 143
6.7.1 Aromatherapy Versus Pheromonatherapy......Page 144
6.7.2 Pharmacotherapy Versus Pheromonatherapy......Page 145
6.7.3 General Considerations for the Practical use of Pheromonatherapy......Page 148
6.8.2 Feline Facial Fraction F4 Felifriend......Page 149
6.8.3 Dap Adaptil......Page 150
Review Activities......Page 151
Further Reading......Page 152
7.2.1 Sources of Stress in The Home Environment......Page 153
7.2.2 House Soiling and Welfare......Page 154
7.3.2 Latrine Behaviour......Page 156
7.4.2 Identifying The Cat Causing The Problem......Page 157
7.4.3 House-Soiling Problems And Disease......Page 159
7.5.1 Medical Problems Resulting In Failure To Use The Litter Box......Page 160
7.5.2 Anxiety?fear Affecting Latrine Behaviour......Page 161
7.5.3 Desire and Problematic Latrine Behaviour......Page 162
7.5.4 Anxiety?fear Affecting Marking Behaviour......Page 163
7.6 Treatment......Page 164
7.6.2 Restriction of the Problem......Page 165
7.6.3 Resolution of the Problem......Page 166
7.6.4 Pheromonatherapy and the Treatment of Marking Behaviour......Page 167
7.6.5 Pheromonatherapy and Latrine Issues......Page 171
7.7 Conclusion......Page 172
Further Reading......Page 173
PART II: Clinical Scenarios Involving theManagement of Stress-relatedBehaviour Problems......Page 174
8.2.1 Presenting Signs......Page 175
8.2.2 Prevalence Of Presenting Complaints For Separation Problems......Page 178
8.3 Emotional Problems Related To Separation Separation -related Problems......Page 179
8.3.2 Type b ? Secondary Hyperattachment......Page 180
8.3.3 Type c ? Conditioned Fear of Isolation......Page 181
8.4 Prevention of Separation -Related Problems......Page 182
8.5 Differential Diagnosis......Page 183
8.6.3 Restriction Of The Problem......Page 185
8.6.4 Resolution of the Problem......Page 186
8.6.5.1 General Principles......Page 187
8.6.5.2 Psychopharmacy and Separation Anxiety......Page 191
8.6.6 The Use Of Pheromonatherapy In Separation -Related Behaviour Problems......Page 192
8.7 Prognosis......Page 193
References......Page 194
Further Reading......Page 195
9.1 Introduction......Page 196
9.2 The Nature Of Sound Sensitivity......Page 197
9.3.1 Description Of Presenting Signs......Page 199
9.3.2 Developmental Biology......Page 201
9.3.3 The Effect Of Owner Response......Page 203
9.3.4 Other Assessments Of The Sound-Sensitive Patient......Page 204
9.5.1 Prevention......Page 205
9.5.2 Risk Assessment......Page 206
9.5.3 Restriction Of The Problem......Page 207
9.5.4 Resolution Of The Problem......Page 209
9.5.4.1 Behaviour Therapy......Page 210
Systematic desensitisation......Page 213
Counterconditioning......Page 215
9.5.4.2 Adjuncts To Training......Page 216
9.5.5 Pheromonatherapy And Sound Sensitivities......Page 217
9.7 Conclusion......Page 218
Further Reading......Page 219
10.1 Introduction......Page 220
10.2 The Nature Of Travel -Related Problems......Page 221
10.3.2 Restriction Of The Problem......Page 224
10.3.3 Resolution Of The Problem......Page 225
Review Activities......Page 228
Further Reading......Page 229
11.1 Introduction......Page 230
11.2 Potential Stressors In The Initial SETTLING IN Period......Page 231
11.2.1 Making The Transition Less Stressful......Page 232
11.2.2 Preparing The Environment......Page 235
11.2.3 The Journey Home......Page 236
11.2.5 The First Few Nights......Page 237
11.3.1 People And Pets......Page 238
11.3.2 Introduction To Resident Pets......Page 239
11.3.2.1 Introducing a New Cat to a Cat Household......Page 240
11.4.1 Leaving A Puppy Alone......Page 241
11.4.2.1 Puppy Parties And Puppy Classes: The Difference......Page 242
11.4.2.2 Some Additional Points Regarding What Puppies Need To Learn......Page 243
11.4.2.3 Kitten Education......Page 244
References......Page 245
Further Reading......Page 246
12.1 Introduction......Page 247
12.2.1 Identifying Potential Stressors......Page 248
12.2.2 Recognising Emotional AND ASSOCIATED STRATEGIC Responses In The Veterinary Clinic......Page 251
12.3.1 Prevention Through Appropriate Preparation In The Home......Page 253
12.3.1.2 Transport Procedures......Page 254
12.3.1.4 Being Handled With Intent......Page 255
12.3.2.1 The Waiting Room And Consultation Room......Page 256
12.3.3 Post-Visit Management......Page 259
References......Page 260
Further Reading......Page 261
CENTRIFUGAL BEHAVIOUR......Page 262
The Lincoln Sound-sensitivityScale......Page 264
Glossary......Page 269
Index......Page 276