Strategic Policy Options for Bracing Nigeria for the Future of Trade

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 The Primer: Bracing Nigerian Trading Ecosystem for the Future
	1.1 Introduction, Rationale and the Context
	1.2 Bracing for the Future of Trade and Unlocking Its Opportunities
	1.3 Setting the Stage
	References
2 Preparing Nigeria for Digital Trade Within the WTO E-commerce Negotiations: Issues and Policy Directions
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 A Brief Background on Digital Economy and E-commerce
		2.2.1 Developed Member Countries Proposals on E-commerce
		2.2.2 African Group Proposals on E-commerce Evolution
	2.3 Policy Issues on the WTO Work Programme on E-commerce
	2.4 Benefits of E-commerce
	2.5 The Nigerian ICT Economy and the Regulatory Framework
	2.6 Business Factors Impacting the Nigerian Digital Economy
	2.7 A Glance at Nigeria’s Situation and Its Readiness for Digitalization
		2.7.1 Movers and Shakers of the Nigerian Digital and E-commerce Space
	2.8 Selected Challenges of E-commerce Implementation in Nigeria
	2.9 Policy Recommendations on Tapping the Full Potentials of Digital Trade
	References
3 Trade Facilitation and Logistics Performance in Saudi Arabia: Lessons and Policy Directions for Nigeria in the Digital Age
	3.1 An Overview of the Global Trade Patterns
	3.2 A Brief Review of Existing Literature
		3.2.1 Logistics and Trade
		3.2.2 Importance of Logistics Performance
	3.3 An Analysis of the Nigerian Economic Diversification and Trade Facilitation Landscape
	3.4 Nigeria’s Trade Facilitation and Diversification Challenge
	3.5 A Brief Discussion on Saudi Arabia Trade Flows and Experience
	3.6 Overview of Trade Facilitation and Logistics in Saudi Arabia
		3.6.1 Logistic in Saudi Arabia
		3.6.2 Customs Procedures
			3.6.2.1 Saudi Arabia Domestic Logistics Performance
		3.6.3 Saudi Arabia Compared to Its Region
		3.6.4 Saudi Arabia’s Nine-Point Logistics Transformation Strategy
	3.7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation: Optimizing the Policy Space Toward Strengthening Trade Facilitation and Logistics Performance in Nigeria in the Digital Age
	References
4 Understanding the Role of Selected Measures in Facilitating Trade Under Nigeria’s WTO Obligations: Lessons and Policy Agenda for Selected Sectors—Oil and Gas, Fish, and Foreign Exchange
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Certain Measures Regarding the Oil and Gas Industry
		4.2.1 Overview of the Measures
		4.2.2 Analysis of the Measures
			4.2.2.1 Measures 2, 3, and 4 Are Outside the Scope of the GATT and TRIMS
			4.2.2.2 Measure 1 Is Not Likely in Violation of GATT Art. III:4 and TRIMs Art. 2.1
		4.2.3 Possible Justifications
			4.2.3.1 The Measures May Be Justified as Necessary for Nigeria’s Essential Security Interests
			4.2.3.2 The Measures May Be Justified as Necessary for the Protection of Human and Plant Life
			4.2.3.3 The Measures May Be Justified as an Action Required to Promote the Establishment of an Industry
		4.2.4 Action Plan
	4.3 Certain Measures Regarding the Importation of Fish
		4.3.1 Overview of the Measures
		4.3.2 Analysis of the Measures
		4.3.3 Possible Justifications
			4.3.3.1 The Measures May Be Justified as Exceptions to Quantitative Restrictions
			4.3.3.2 The Measures May Be Justified Under the General Exceptions Clause
			4.3.3.3 The Measures May Be Justified Under the Balance-of-Payments Exception
		4.3.4 Action Plan
	4.4 The Measure Concerning Foreign Exchange
		4.4.1 Overview of the Measure
		4.4.2 Analysis of the Measure
			4.4.2.1 The Measure May Be Outside the Scope of GATT Art. XI
			4.4.2.2 The Measure May Be a WTO-Consistent Exchange Action
		4.4.3 Possible Justifications
			4.4.3.1 The Measure May Be Justified as Permissible Exchange Restriction
			4.4.3.2 The Measures May Be Justified Under the Balance-of-Payments Exception
		4.4.4 Action Plan
	4.5 Conclusion
		4.5.1 Certain Measures Regarding the Oil and Gas Industry
		4.5.2 Certain Measures Regarding the Importation of Fish
		4.5.3 Measure Concerning Foreign Exchange
	Appendix: List of Items Restricted from Foreign Exchange
	References
5 Innovative Strategies for Maximizing Aid-for-Trade Towards Enhanced Transport Infrastructure and Intra-regional Trade Facilitation: Policy Directions for Nigeria and West Africa
	5.1 Introduction, Context and the Rationale
	5.2 Background to the Study
		5.2.1 Transport Infrastructure and Intra-regional Trade in Africa and ECOWAS
		5.2.2 Background of AfT
		5.2.3 Aid for Economic Infrastructure in ECOWAS
	5.3 Analysis of AfT—ECOWAS Regional Trade Nexus
		5.3.1 Overview of AfT for Building Road Infrastructure Among ECOWAS
		5.3.2 Road Sample One: Tema-Ouagadougou-Bamako Highway Road
		5.3.3 Road Sample 2: Enugu-Bamenda, Connects ECOWAS (West Africa) to Central Africa
	5.4 Challenges of Building These Roads with the Support of AfT
	5.5 Opportunities of Using AfT to Build Road Infrastructure in ECOWAS
	5.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
		5.6.1 Introduction
		5.6.2 Conclusion
		5.6.3 Recommendations
		5.6.4 Limitations and Areas of Further Research
	Appendix
	References
6 Harnessing the AfCFTA for Economic Diversification in Nigeria: The Role of Trade Logistics and Infrastructure
	6.1 Background
	6.2 Stylized Facts on the Nigerian Economy and Export Dynamics
	6.3 Trade Infrastructure and Competitiveness of Nigeria’s Export
	6.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
7 Sequencing and Negotiating Nigeria’s Regional and International Trade Agreements in the Digital Age: Issues and Policy Prescriptions
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Historical Antecedences Leading to the Current Global Trading Arrangements
		7.2.1 Development of Multilateral Trading System
	7.3 Emergence of Multilateral Regionalism
	7.4 Regionalism in World Trade Organization Agreement
		7.4.1 Free-Trade Areas
		7.4.2 Customs Union
		7.4.3 Interim Agreement in an FTA
		7.4.4 Internal and External Requirements of an RTA
		7.4.5 Role of Transnational Corporations in the Multilateral and Regionalism of Trade
	7.5 Various Trade Negotiations Facing Nigeria
		7.5.1 ECOWAS Economic Integration Agreement
		7.5.2 EU/ECOWAS Economic Partnership Agreement
		7.5.3 African Economic Community Treaty
		7.5.4 World Trade Organization Agreement
	7.6 Resolving Issues Confronting LDCs and DCs in Global Trade
		7.6.1 General System of Preferences
		7.6.2 Doha Development Agenda
		7.6.3 South-South and North–South Economic Integrations
		7.6.4 World Trade Organization’s Trade Facilitation Agreement
		7.6.5 Aid for Trade Initiative
	7.7 Formulating Nigeria’s Trade Policy
		7.7.1 Importance of a Trade Policy for Nigeria
		7.7.2 Strategies in Nigeria’s Trade Policy Formulation
	7.8 Sequencing and Negotiating the Various Trade Agreements Facing Nigeria
		7.8.1 Sequencing the Trade Negotiation of Nigeria
		7.8.2 Capacity Improvement and Formation of Coalition
			7.8.2.1 Capacity Improvement
		7.8.3 Coalition Building
	7.9 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
8 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	8.1 Accelerating Nigeria’s Innovation and Digitization Agenda Toward Benefiting Maximally from AfCFTA
Index