Stone Vessels in the Levant

Cover
Dedication
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
	1 'On the backs of giants': previous stone vessel research
	2 Defining the research parameters
	3 Problems inherent in the dataset
	4 A longer than usual life-cycle: the impact of heirlooms and tomb looting on vessel chronology
	5 Inscribed stone vessels: blessing or curse?
CHAPTER TWO IMPORTED STONE VESSELS
	1 Minoan stone vessels
		1.1 Minoan forms found in the Levant
			1.1.1 Lamps
			1.1.2 Tables
			1.1.3 Cups
			1.1.4 Small bowls or jars
			1.1.5 Fragmentary examples of possible Minoan origin
		1.2 Minoan decorative elements
		1.3 The significance of Minoan imports in the levant
	2 Cypriot stone vessels
	3 Egyptian stone vessels
		3.1 Egyptian forms found in the Levant
			3.1.1 Rectangular palettes
			3.1.2 Plates
			3.1.3 Bowls
				3.1.3.1 Hemispherical bowls
				3.1.3.2 Carinated bowls
				3.1.3.3. Zoomorphic bowls
			3.1.4 'Swimming-girl' spoons
			3.1.5 Pyxides
			3.1.6 Tazze
			3.1.7 Goblets
			3.1.8 Alabastra
				3.1.8.1 Drop-shaped alabastra
				3.1.8.2 Conical alabastra
					3.1.8.2.1 Conical alabastra with funnel-shaped mouths
					3.1.8.2.2 Conical alabastra with broad flat-topped rim
					3.1.8.2.3 Conical alabastra with lug handles above rim
					3.1.8.2.4 Fragmentary conical alabastra
			3.1.9 Jugs and juglets
				3.1.9.1 High shouldered juglets (type 1)
				3.1.9.2 Dipper juglets (type 2)
				3.1.9.3 Juglets with alabastra-shaped bodies (type 3)
				3.1.9.4 Juglets imitating Cypriot base-ring ware (type 4)
				3.1.9.5 Ovoid juglets (type 5)
				3.1.9.6. Piriform juglets (type 6)
				3.1.9.7 Broad-mouthed jugs (type 7)
			3.1.10 Stirrup jars
			3.1.11 Flasks
			3.1.12 Pilgrim flasks
			3.1.13 Tube jars
				3.1.13.1 Simple tube with upright sides (type 1)
				3-1.13.2 Skeuomorphic vessels (type 2)
				3.1.13.3 Monkey holding tube-shaped jar (type 3)
			3.1.14 Cylindrical jars
			3.1.15 Shouldered cylindrical jars
			3-1.16 Jars of archaic form
			3.1.17 Small piriform jars
			3.1.18 Drop jars
			3.1.19 Ovoid jars
			3.1.20 Footed jars
				3.1.20.1 Footed jars without handles (type 1)
				3.1.20.2 Footed jars with horizontal loop handles (type 2)
			3.1.21 Amphorae
			3.1.22 Fish-shaped jars
			3.1.23 Anthropomorphic statue jars
			3.1.24 Stands
			3.1.25 Lids
			3.1.26 Diagnostic fragments of Egyptian type
				3.1.26.1 Egyptian rim types
				3.1.26.2 Egyptian handle types
				3.1.26.3 Egyptian base sherds
		3.2 Egyptian decorative styles
			3.2.1 Incised decoration
			3.2.2 Incision with inlaid colour
			3.2.3 Painted decoration
			3.2.4 Added metal
			3.2.5 Sculpted decoration
			3.2.6 Egyptian stone vessels with orientalising decoration
		3.3 Features characteristic of Egyptian workshops
		3.4 Egyptian palace or temple workshops
		3.5 Levantine influences on Egyptian stone vessel workshops: Egyptian versus 'Egyptianising'.
CHAPTER THREE LOCAL STONE VESSELS
	1 Palestinian gypsum vessels
		1.1 The development of Palestinian stone vessel forms
			1.1.1 Plates
			1.1.2 Bowls
				1.1.2.1 Everted bowls
				1.1.2.2 Hemispherical bowls
				1.1.2.3 Carinated bowls
				1.1.2.4 Ram's-head handled bowls
			1.1.3 Semi-circular pyxides or bowls
			1.1.4 Lug-handled pyxides
			1.1.5 Tazze
			1.1.6 Goblets
			1.1.7 Alabastra
				1.1.7.1 Drop-shaped alabastra
				1.1.7.2 Conical alabastra
			1.1.8 Bottles
			1.1.9 Jugs and juglets
				1.1.9.1 Unfinished juglets
				1.1.9.2 Juglets with high rounded shoulders (type 1)
				1.1.9.3 Dipper juglets (type 2)
				1.1.9.4 Juglets with alabastra-shaped bodies (type 3)
				1.1.9.5 Globular juglets (type 4)
				1.1.9.6 Spouted jugs
			1.1.10 Flasks
			1.1.11 Pilgrim flasks
			1.1.12 Shouldered cylindrical jars
			1.1.13 Squat jars
			1.1.14 Lug-handled jars
			1.1.15 Stoppers
			1.1.16 Diagnostic fragments
		1.2 Palestinian decorative styles
			1.2.1 Palestine decorative styles of the MBII-LBI period
				1.2.1.1 The Jericho group
				1.2.1.2 The Pella group
			1.2.2 Palestinian decorative styles of the Late Bronze and early Iron Age
		1.3 Influence and interaction: the impact of other products on the development of the Palestinian gypsum vessel industry
	2 Syrian stone vessels
		2.1 The royal workshop at Atchana
		2.2 Syrian serpentine workshops
		2.3 Chlorite workshops at Ras Shamra
			2.3.1 Bowls
			2.3.2 Miniature cups
			2.3.3 Alabastra
			2.3.4 Diagnostic fragments
	3 Levantine groundstone vessels and installations
		3.1 The development of Levantine stone vessel forms
			3.1.1 Plates
			3.1.2 Bowls
				3.1.2.1 Everted bowls
				3.1.2.2 Carinated bowls
				3.1.2.3 Pedestal bowls
				3.1.2.4 Deep upright bowls or cups
				3.1.2.5 Tripod bowls
			3.1.3 Mortar bowls
				3.1.3.1 Upright mortar bowls
				3.1.3.2 Everted mortar bowls
				3.1.3.3 Triangular mortar bowls or lamps
				3.1.3.4 Pedestal mortar bowls
				3.1.3.5 Tripod mortar bowls
				3.1.3.6 Footed mortar bowls with four legs
			3.1.4 Mortars
			3.1.5 Pot bellows
			3.1.6 Funnels and tuyères
			3.1.7 Basins
			3.1.8 Tables
			3.1.9 Lids and stoppers
			3.1.10 Diagnostic fragments
		3.2 Levantine decorative styles
			3.2.1 Decorated temple installations
			3.2.2 Decorated plates and bowls
		3.3 The characteristics of Levantine stone vessel workshops
	4 Vessels of uncertain origin
	5 The relationships between stone vessel workshops and craftsmen working with other materials
	6 The influence of imported forms on local stone workshops
CHAPTER FOUR MATERIALS AND SOURCES
	1 Introduction
	2 The relationship between sources of raw materials and the development of stone vessel workshops
		2.1 Organising access to raw materials
		2.2 Collection methods
		2.3 Trade in raw materials
	3 Materials appearing in the stone vessel repertoires of the Levant
		3.1 Soft sedimentary and metamorphic stones (Mohs 1-2.5)
			3.1.1 Chalk
			3.1.2 Chlorite and steatite
			3.1.3 Gypsum
		3.2 Moderate to hard sedimentary and metamorphic stones (Mohs 3-7)
			3.2.1 Breccia
			3.2.2 Calcite
			3.2.3 Gneiss
			3.2.4 Limestone
			3.2.5 Marble
			3.2.6 Quartzite and quartzitic sandstones
			3.2.7 Sandstone
			3.2.8 Schist
			3.2.9 Serpentine
			3.2.10 Siltstone
			3.2.11 Slate
		3.3 Hard igneous stones (Mohs 5-7)
			3.3.1 Anorthosite
			3.3.2 Basalt
			3.3.3 Diorite
			3.3.4 Gabbro
			3.3.5 Granite
			3.3.6 Lava
			3.3.7 Obsidian
			3.3.8 Porphyritic stones
			3.3.9 Pumice
			3.3.10 Trachyte
		3.4 Minerals and semi-precious stones (Mohs 5-7)
			3.4.1 Agate
			3.4.2 Carnelian
			3.4.3 Hematite
			3.4.4 Jasper
			3.4.5 Sardonyx
	4 Composite vessels made of several materials.
	5 Textual references to stone types
	6 Overview of material use in stone vessel workshops
		6.1 Comparative frequency of materials
		6.2 Chronological aspects of material use
		6.3 Relationship of material to shape
		6.4 Relationship of material to technology
		6.5 Production centres and material use
	7 Conclusions
CHAPTER FIVE STONE VESSEL WORKPLACES
	1 Relationship of workshops to external authorities
	2 Workplace remains
		2.1 In-situ workshop evidence
		2.2 Unfinished vessels and wasters out of their original context
			2.2.1 The unfinished Minoan lamp from Atchana
			2.2.2 Unfinished vessel wasters and blanks from Beth Shan
		2.3 Manufacturing debris and debitage
	3 Comparing modern and ancient workplaces
		3.1 Meshhed workshop
		3.2 Gurneh workshop
		3.3 Comparative rates of production in modern stone vessel workshops
		3.4 Production modes in ancient stone vessel workshops
	4 Conclusions
CHAPTER SIX THE TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY BEHIND STONE VESSEL MANUFACTURE
	1 Introduction
	2 Drill technology
		2.1 Drill mechanisms
		2.2 Drill bits
		2.3 Abrasive powder
		2.4 Lubricants
		2.5 Evidence for use of the drill in the Levant
	3 Cutting tools
	4 Compasses
	5 The lathe
	6 Smoothing and polishing tools and agents
	7 A regional survey of manufacturing techniques
		7.1 Egypt
			7.1.1 Egyptian drill-made vessels
			7.1.2 Egyptian chisel-made vessels
		7.2 Minoan Crete
			7.2.1 Minoan drill-made vessels
			7.2.2 Minoan chisel-made vessels
		7.3 Cyprus
		7.4 The Levant
			7.4.1 Syrian drill-made vessels
			7.4.2 Syrian chisel-made vessels
			7.4.3 Palestinian chisel-made vessels
			7.4.4 Levantine groundstone
	8 Conclusions
CHAPTER SEVEN DISTRIBUTION
	1 South Coastal Plain and northeastern Sinai
		1.1 Tell Abu Salima
		1.2 Deir el-Balah
		1.3 Tell el-'Ajjul
		1.4 Tell Far'ah South
		1.5 Tell Sera
		1.6 Tell Nagila
		1.7 Tell el-Hesi
		1.8 Ashdod
		1.9 Tell Miqne (Ekron)
		1.10 Palmahim
		1.11 Dhahrat el-Humraiya
		1.12 El-Jisr and Nebi Rubin
	2 Sharon Plain
		2.1 Tell Qasile
		2.2 Tell Michal
		2.3 Barqai
		2.4 Tell Mevorakh
	3 Judean Hills
		3.1 Tell Beit Mirsim
		3.2 Lachish
		3.3 Tell Jedur
		3.4 Khirbet Kufin
		3.5 Ain Shems
		3.6 Jerusalem
		3.7 Manahat
		3.8 Nahalat Ahim
		3.9 Moza 'Illit
		3.10 Gezer
		3.11 Gibeon
	4 Samarian Hills
		4.1 Shiloh
		4.2 Shechem
		4.3 Mount Ebal
		4.4 Tell el-Far'ah
	5 Jezreel Valley
		5.1 Taanach
		5.2 Megiddo
		5.3 'Afula
		5.4 Tell Qiri
	6 The Plain of Akko and Western Galilee
		6.1 Tell Abu Hawam
		6.2 Akko
	7 Jordan Valley
		7.1 Beth Shan
		7.2 Pella
		7.3 Tell es-Sa'idiyeh
		7.4 Deir 'Alla
		7.5 Jericho
	8 The Southern Arabah region
		8.1 Timna
	9 South Transjordanian Plateau
		9.1 Amman
		9.2 Sahab
		9.3 Baq'ah Valley
	10 North Transjordanian Plateau
		10.1 Tell el-Husn
		10.2 Irbid
	11 Eastern Jordan and the Hauran
	12 Eastern Galilee
		12.1 Ginosar
		12.2 Hazor
		12.3 Tell Dan
	13 Coastal Northern Levant
		13.1 Tyre
		13.2 Beirut
		13.3 Byblos
		13.4. Ras Shamra and Minet el-Beida
		13.5 Ras Ibn Hani
	14 The Amuq Valley
		14.1 Atchana
	15 North Central Syria and the Orontes Valley
		15.1 Ebla (Tell Mardikh)
		15.2 Hama
		15.3 Qatna (Tell Mishrife)
	16 Biqa'a Valley
		16.1 Kamid el-Loz
		16.2 Tell Nebi Mend
	17 Damascus Basin
		17.1 Tell es-Salihiyeh
	18 Conclusions
CHAPTER EIGHT SETTING THE INDUSTRY IN CONTEXT
	1 Explaining the movement of goods
		1.1 Economic exchange
		1.2 Incidental movement of goods
	2 Transferring ideas and technology
	3 The evolution of distribution networks
		3.1 Egyptian imports
		3.2 Minoan and Cypriot imports
		3.3 Palestinian gypsum vessels
		3.4 Levantine groundstone vessels
	4 Conclusions
Introduction to the Catalogue
Object Catalogue
Appendix A Site concordance
Appendix Β Materials concordance
Appendix C Museum concordance
Abbreviations
References
Index