Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. Overview of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Typical Stimuli and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines
		1.2.1 Internal Stimuli and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines
			1.2.1.1 pH-responsive nanomedicines
			1.2.1.2 Enzyme-responsive nanomedicines
			1.2.1.3 Redox potential-responsive nanomedicines
			1.2.1.4 Hypoxia-responsive nanomedicines
		1.2.2 External Stimuli and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines
			1.2.2.1 Temperature-responsive nanomedicines
			1.2.2.2 Light-responsive nanomedicines
			1.2.2.3 Magnetic field-responsive nanomedicines
			1.2.2.4 Ultrasound-responsive nanomedicines
	1.3 Current Status and Future Perspectives
2. pH-Responsive Nanomedicine for Image-Guided Drug Delivery
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 pH-Sensitive Nanomedicine in Extracellular Region
	2.3 pH-Sensitive Nanomedicine in Intracellular Region
		2.3.1 pH-Triggered Deshielding
		2.3.2 pH-Responsive Destabilization
	2.4 Classification of pH-Sensitive Nanomedicine
		2.4.1 Polymer-Drug Conjugates
		2.4.2 Liposomes
		2.4.3 Dendrimers
		2.4.4 Polymeric Micelles
		2.4.5 Nanogels
		2.4.6 Others
	2.5 Summary and Future Direction
3. Enzyme-Responsive Nanomedicine
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Nanomedicines Based on Enzyme-Triggered Cleavage/Degradation
		3.2.1 Protease-Responsive Nanomedicines
			3.2.1.1 Matrix metalloproteinase-responsive nanomedicines
			3.2.1.2 Cathepsin B-responsive nanomedicines
			3.2.1.3 Legumain-responsive nanomedicines
		3.2.2 Esterase-Responsive Nanomedicines
			3.2.2.1 Phospholipase A-responsive nanomedicines
			3.2.2.2 α-amylase-responsive nanomedicines
		3.2.3 Oxidoreductase-Responsive Nanomedicines
		3.2.4 Other Enzyme-Responsive Nanomedicines
	3.3 Nanomedicines Based on Enzyme-Triggered Polymeric Assemblies
	3.4 Conclusions
4. Redox-Responsive Nanomedicine
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 GSH-Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems
		4.2.1 Nanomicelles
		4.2.2 Liposomes
		4.2.3 Nanogels
		4.2.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		4.2.5 Other Biodegradable Nanoparticles
	4.3 ROS-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
		4.3.1 ROS-Responsive “Solubility Switch” Nanomedicines
			4.3.1.1 Poly (propylene sulfide) containing nanomaterials
			4.3.1.2 Selenium containing nanomaterials
			4.3.1.3 Tellurium-containing nanomaterials
		4.3.2 Nanomedicines in Response to ROS-Induced Degradation
			4.3.2.1 Boronic ester-containing nanomaterials
			4.3.2.2 Proline oligomer-containing nanomaterials
			4.3.2.3 Polythioketal-containing nanomaterials
			4.3.2.4 Silicon nanoparticles
	4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
5. Hypoxia-Responsive Nanomedicines
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Physiological Roles of Hypoxia
		5.2.1 HIFs as Molecular Sensors of Hypoxia
		5.2.2 Hypoxia-Associated Oxidative Stress
		5.2.3 Wound Healing
	5.3 Pathophysiological Roles of Hypoxia in Cancer
		5.3.1 Cancer Drug Resistance
		5.3.2 Promotion of Tumor Neoangionesis and Metastasis
		5.3.3 Metabolic Adaptation of Hypoxic Cancer Cells
		5.3.4 Increased Tumor Hypoxia after Chemotherapy
		5.3.5 Role of Hypoxia in Adipose Tissue
	5.4 Hypoxia-Activated Payload Delivery
		5.4.1 Nanoparticles with Nitroimidazole Derivatives
		5.4.2 H2O2-Responsive Nanocarriers
		5.4.3 Sickle Erythrocytes as Trojan Horses to Hypoxic Niches
		5.4.4 Hypoxia-Responsive Insulin Patch
	5.5 Hypoxia Imaging
		5.5.1 Hypoxia-Activated Signal
		5.5.2 Energy Transfer for Improved Signal Response
	5.6 Hypoxia-Mimicking Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
	5.7 Challenges and Perspectives
		5.7.1 Limitations of the Models Used to Evaluate HR NP
		5.7.2 Hypoxia Heterogeneity Challenges
		5.7.3 Cost and Complexity Challenges
		5.7.4 Adipose Tissue Targeting
6. Thermosensitive Nanomedicine
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Micelles
		6.2.1 Conventional Thermosensitive Micelles
		6.2.2 Functionalized Thermosensitive Micelles
			6.2.2.1 Degradable thermosensitive micelles
			6.2.2.2 Cross-linked thermosensitive micelles
	6.3 Liposomes
		6.3.1 Traditional Thermosensitive Liposomes
		6.3.2 Lysolipid-Containing Thermosensitive Liposomes
		6.3.3 Polymer-Modified Thermosensitive Liposomes
			6.3.3.1 Poly(N-substituted acrylamides)-modified liposomes
			6.3.3.2 Poly(N-vinylethers)-modified liposomes
	6.4 Dendrimers
		6.4.1 Modification of Dendrimers with Thermosensitive Polymers
			6.4.1.1 Modification of dendrimer surface
			6.4.1.2 Modification of dendrimer core
		6.4.2 Design of Dendrimers Containing Thermosensitive Moieties
		6.4.3 Design of Collagen-Mimic Thermosensitive Dendrimers
	6.5 Polymersomes
	6.6 Nanogels
	6.7 Hybrid Thermosensitive Nanocarriers
		6.7.1 Nanocarriers in Thermosensitive Hydrogels
			6.7.1.1 Liposomes in thermosensitive hydrogels
			6.7.1.2 Nanoparticles in thermosensitive hydrogels
		6.7.2 Nanocarriers Containing Thermosensitive Hydrogels
	6.8 Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Systems
		6.8.1 Thermal and pH Dual Responsive Systems
		6.8.2 Thermal and Light Dual Responsive Systems
		6.8.3 Thermal and Ultrasound Dual Responsive Systems
		6.8.4 Thermal and Redox Dual Responsive Systems
		6.8.5 Thermal, pH, and Redox Triple Responsive Systems
		6.8.6 Thermal, pH, and Light Triple Responsive Systems
	6.9 Conclusion and Future Directions
7. Magnetically Responsive Nanomedicine
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles
	7.3 Synthetic Methods
		7.3.1 Co-Precipitation
		7.3.2 Thermal Decomposition
		7.3.3 Microemulsion
	7.4 Modification and Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
		7.4.1 Inorganic Modification
			7.4.1.1 Inorganic metal composite
			7.4.1.2 SiO2 modification
		7.4.2 Organic Modification
			7.4.2.1 Modification by small organic molecules
			7.4.2.2 Modification by polymers
	7.5 Biomedical Applications
		7.5.1 Drug Delivery
			7.5.1.1 Magnetically responsive passive targeting
			7.5.1.2 Magnetically responsive active targeting
			7.5.1.3 Multi-stimuli-responsive drug delivery
		7.5.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia
	7.6 Conclusions
8. Ultrasound-Responsive Nanomedicine
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound
	8.3 Therapeutic Ultrasound
	8.4 Ultrasound Contrast Agents
	8.5 Microbubbles and Nanoparticles for Biomedical Ultrasound Applications
		8.5.1 Ultrasound and Lipid-Based Colloids for Localized Drug Delivery
		8.5.2 Ultrasound and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Localized Drug Delivery
		8.5.3 Photoacoustics and Multimodality Imaging with Nanoparticles
	8.6 Liquid Nanodroplets for Ultrasound Therapy
		8.6.1 Nanodroplets for Ultrasound-Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery
		8.6.2 Nanodroplets for Imaging and Tumor Ablation
	8.7 Future Outlook
9. Light-Triggered Drug and Gene Delivery
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Photothermal Drug Delivery
		9.2.1 Light-Triggered Delivery of Small Molecule Drugs
			9.2.1.1 Gold NP-based light-triggered nanomedicine
			9.2.1.2 Carbon nanomaterials as light-triggered nanomedicine
		9.2.2 Light-Triggered Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs
	9.3 Photochemical Drug Delivery
	9.4 Conclusion
10. Stimuli-Responsive Liposomes for Cancer
	10.1 Treating Cancer with Nanomedicine
	10.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Liposomes
	10.3 Liposomes Responding to External Stimuli
		10.3.1 Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes
			10.3.1.1 Lipid-modified TSLs
			10.3.1.2 Surfactant-modified TSLs
			10.3.1.3 Polymer-modified TSLs
			10.3.1.4 Peptide-modified TSLs
			10.3.1.5 Thermoresponsive bubble-generating liposomes: ABC liposomes
		10.3.2 Light-Sensitive Liposomes
		10.3.3 Magnetic-Sensitive Liposomes
		10.3.4 Ultrasound-Sensitive Liposomes
	10.4 Liposomes Responding to Internal Stimuli
		10.4.1 pH-Sensitive Liposomes
		10.4.2 Enzyme-Sensitive Liposomes
	10.5 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Perspectives
11. Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine for Treating Non-Cancer Diseases
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines for Antimicrobial Therapy
	11.3 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines for Metabolic Disorders
	11.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine for Ocular Diseases
	11.5 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine for Central Nervous System Disorders
	11.6 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine for Heart Disorders
	11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Index