Stevia: The Genus Stevia

tf1321fm......Page 1
Stevia: The genus Stevia......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface to the series......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 10
List of contributors......Page 11
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION......Page 12
Table of Contents......Page 0
COMPARISON OF STEVIOSIDE TO OTHER NATURAL PRODUCT ‘HIGH-INTENSITY’ SWEETENING AGENTS......Page 15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, SOLUBILITY, AND STABILITY OF STEVIOSIDE......Page 18
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE SWEET STEVIA REBAUDIANA GLYCOSIDES......Page 19
CULTIVATION AND CELL CULTURE OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA......Page 20
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA......Page 21
REGULATORY STATUS......Page 22
CONCLUSIONS......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
THE GENUS STEVIA......Page 29
CLASSIFICATION OF STEVIA......Page 30
SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS IN STEVIA......Page 31
History of classification......Page 36
The plant......Page 38
Geographic range......Page 41
Natural habitat......Page 44
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 46
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STEVIA AND MAN......Page 51
EARLY RECORDS......Page 52
Cihuapatli Yacapichtlense......Page 63
Tonalxihuitl......Page 64
Salvia......Page 65
ETHNOBOTANY OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA......Page 66
Ethnomedical importance......Page 69
Chemical basis......Page 71
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
ent-Kaurene......Page 79
Labdane......Page 87
TRITERPENOIDS AND STEROIDS......Page 88
FLAVONOIDS......Page 89
VOLATILE OIL COMPONENTS......Page 90
MISCELLANEOUS CONSTITUENTS......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS......Page 97
ESSENTIAL OILS AND OTHER VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS......Page 98
Bisabolanes......Page 100
Longipinanes......Page 102
Germacranes......Page 105
Elemanes......Page 107
Eudesmanes......Page 108
Eremophilanes......Page 109
Guaianes......Page 110
Miscellaneous sesquiterpenoids......Page 113
Acyclic and bicyclic diterpenoids......Page 114
Tetracyclic diterpenoids......Page 116
TRITERPENOIDS AND STEROLS......Page 119
FLAVONOIDS......Page 121
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY......Page 122
CONCLUSIONS......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
SYNTHESES OF STEVIOL......Page 130
Mori’s approach toward the total synthesis of steviol......Page 131
Ziegler’s approach toward the total synthesis of steviol......Page 132
Cook’s approach toward the partial synthesis of steviol......Page 133
Synthesis of Methyl (±)-7-oxopodocarp-8-en-16-oate......Page 134
CONVERSION OF STEVIOL TO STEVIOSIDE......Page 135
Synthesis of sweet-tasting stevioside analogues by glycosidation......Page 137
Synthesis of sweet-tasting stevioside analogues with a sodiosulfopropyl group......Page 138
Grandiflorenic acid synthesis......Page 139
Synthesis of ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid......Page 140
Studies on the total synthesis of gibberellic acids......Page 141
Total synthesis of (±)-hibaene......Page 142
Hydroxylation of the bicyclo [3.2.1] octane system......Page 143
Total synthesis of (±)-kaurene and (±)-atisirene......Page 144
Synthesis of erythroxydiol A (hydroxymotiogynol)......Page 145
A structure-activity relationship study by Cook and Knox......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 147
Rebaudioside A......Page 149
Rubusoside and related glycosides from Rubus suavissimus......Page 150
Aglycone moiety......Page 154
Sugar moieties......Page 155
CGTase and starch......Page 156
Pullulanase and pullulan......Page 157
Shortening of the long alpha-1,4 -glucosyl chain......Page 158
Trans-alpha-1,4-glucosylation of steviolmonoside and steviolbioside......Page 159
Trans-alpha-1,4-glucosylation of 19-O-beta-galactosyl esters......Page 161
Trans-alpha-1,6-glucosylation by dextrin dextranase......Page 163
Trans-beta-1,3-glucosylation......Page 164
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
STUDIES ON EXTRACTS......Page 171
Carbohydrate metabolism......Page 173
Absorption, distribution and metabolism......Page 174
Energy metabolism......Page 175
Carbohydrate metabolism......Page 176
Effects on blood pressure and renal function......Page 177
Chromosomal and mutagenic effects......Page 178
REBAUDIOSIDE A......Page 179
Energy metabolism......Page 180
Chromosomal and mutagenic effects......Page 181
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
INTRODUCTION......Page 189
BACKGROUND TO STEVIA SWEETENER DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN......Page 190
‘Stevia extract’......Page 191
‘Sugar-transferred stevia extract’......Page 192
Analytical methods for steviol glycosides in stevia sweeteners......Page 193
MARKETING IN JAPAN......Page 195
Sweetness intensity......Page 196
Sweetness quality......Page 197
Stability in acidic and alkaline solution......Page 198
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF STEVIA SWEETENERS......Page 199
SAFETY AND TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF STEVIA SWEETENERS IN JAPAN......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 205
INTRODUCTION......Page 207
USE OF STEVIOSIDE IN KOREA......Page 208
CULTIVATION OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA IN KOREA......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 213