Step-up to USMLE step 2 CK

STEP-UP to USMLE Step 2 CK: FOURTH EDITION
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CONTENTS
1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
	I. Normal Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Function
		A. Cardiac and coronary artery anatomy
		B. Cardiac cycle
		C. Cardiac output (CO)
		D. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
	II. Ischemic Heart Disease
		A. Brief introduction to ischemic heart disease
		B. Atherosclerosis
		C. Dyslipidemia
		D. Angina pectoris
		E. Unstable angina
		F. Myocardial infarction (MI)
	III. Arrhythmias
		A. Heart block
		B. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
		C. Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)
		D. Bradycardia
		E. Atrial fibrillation (Afib)
		F. Atrial flutter (Aflutter)
		G. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
		H. Ventricular tachycardia (Vtach)
		I. Ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)
		J. Antiarrhythmic medications
	IV. Heart Failure
		A. Heart physiology
		B. Systolic dysfunction
		C. Diastolic dysfunction
		D. Congestive heart failure (CHF)
	V. Valvular Diseases
	VI. Cardiomyopathies
	VII. Pericardial Diseases
		A. Acute pericarditis
		B. Chronic constrictive pericarditis
		C. Cardiac tamponade
	VIII. Myocardial Infections
		A. Myocarditis
		B. Acute rheumatic fever
		C. Endocarditis
	IX. Hypertension (HTN)
		A. Primary (essential) HTN
		B. Secondary HTN
		C. Hypertensive urgency
	X. Shock
	XI. Vascular Diseases
		A. Aortic conditions
		B. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
		C. Venous conditions
		D. Vasculitis
	XII. Pediatric Cardiology
		A. Fetal circulation
		B. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
		C. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
		D. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
		E. Persistent truncus arteriosus
		F. Transposition of the great vessels
		G. Tricuspid atresia
		H. Tetralogy of Fallot
		I. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
		J. Endocardial cushion defect
2. PULMONARY DISORDERS
	I. Measures of Pulmonary Function
		A. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
		B. Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient
	II. Respiratory Infections
		A. Upper respiratory infections (URIs)
		B. Lower respiratory infections
	III. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
	IV. Obstructive Airway Diseases
		A. Asthma
		B. Chronic bronchitis
		C. Emphysema (later stage—COPD)
		D. Bronchiectasis
	V. Respiratory Neoplasms
		A. Solitary pulmonary nodule
		B. Lung cancer
		C. Laryngeal cancer
	VI. Interstitial Lung Diseases and Other Lung Diseases
		A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
		B. Sarcoidosis
		C. Pneumoconioses
		D. Goodpasture syndrome
		E. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
	VII. Vascular and Thromboembolic Pulmonary Conditions
		A. Pulmonary embolism (PE)
		B. Pulmonary hypertension
		C. Pulmonary edema
	VIII. Pleural Diseases
		A. Pleural effusion
		B. Pneumothorax (PTX)
		C. Hemothorax
		D. Malignant mesothelioma
	IX. Sleep Apnea
	X. Pulmonary Surgical Concerns
		A. Atelectasis
		B. Intubation
		C. Ventilation
	XI. Pediatric Pulmonary Concerns
		A. Croup
		B. Epiglottitis
		C. Bronchiolitis
		D. Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
		E. Meconium aspiration syndrome
		F. Cystic fibrosis (CF)
3. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
	I. Gastrointestinal (GI) Infections
		A. Viral gastroenteritis
		B. Bacterial gastroenteritis
		C. Parasitic and protozoan GI infections
		D. Hepatitis
	II. Oral and Esophageal Conditions
		A. Salivary gland disorders
		B. Dysphagia
		C. Achalasia
		D. Diffuse esophageal spasm
		E. Zenker diverticulum
		F. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
		G. Esophageal cancer
	III. Gastric Conditions
		A. Hiatal hernia
		B. Gastritis
		C. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
		D. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
		E. Gastric cancer
	IV. Intestinal Conditions
		A. Malabsorption disorders
		B. Diarrhea
		C. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
		D. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
		E. Bowel obstruction
		F. Ischemic colitis
		G. Appendicitis
		H. Ileus
		I. Volvulus
		J. Diverticulosis
		K. Diverticulitis
		L. Rectal conditions
		M. Carcinoid tumor
		N. Colorectal cancer
		O. GI bleeding
	V. Pancreatic Disorders
		A. Pancreatitis
		B. Pancreatic pseudocyst
		C. Exocrine pancreatic cancer
		D. Endocrine pancreatic cancers
	VI. Biliary Disorders
		A. Cholelithiasis
		B. Acute cholecystitis
		C. Cholangitis
		D. Gallbladder cancer
		E. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)
		F. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
		G. Disorders of hepatic bilirubin transport
	VII. Hepatic Disorders
		A. Alcohol-related liver disease
		B. Cirrhosis
		C. Portal hypertension
		D. Hemochromatosis
		E. Wilson disease
		F. α1-Antitrypsin deficiency
		G. Hepatic neoplasms
	VIII. Pediatric GI Disorders
		A. Tracheoesophageal fistula
		B. Pyloric stenosis
		C. Necrotizing enterocolitis
		D. Hirschsprung disease
		E. Intussusception
		F. Meckel diverticulum
		G. Neonatal jaundice
		H. Failure to thrive
4. GENITOURINARY DISORDERS
	I. Normal Renal Function
		A. Physiology
		B. Diuretics
	II. Disorders of the Kidney
		A. Pyelonephritis
		B. Nephrolithiasis
		C. Hydronephrosis
		D. Polycystic kidney disease
		E. Renal cell carcinoma
		F. Interstitial nephropathy (acute interstitial nephritis)
	III. Glomerular Diseases
		A. Nephritic syndromes
		B. Nephrotic syndromes
	IV. Renal Failure
		A. Acute kidney injury (AKI)
		B. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
		C. Dialysis
	V. Acid-base Disorders
		A. Renal tubular acidosis
		B. Acid-base physiology
		C. Acid-base disturbances
	VI. Electrolyte Disorders
		A. Hypernatremia
		B. Diabetes insipidus (DI)
		C. Hyponatremia
		D. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
		E. Hyperkalemia
		F. Hypokalemia
		G. Hypercalcemia
		H. Hypocalcemia
	VII. Bladder and Ureteral Disorders
		A. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
		B. Urinary incontinence
		C. Bladder cancer
	VIII. Male Reproduction
		A. Urethritis
		B. Prostatitis
		C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
		D. Prostate cancer
		E. Epididymitis
		F. Testicular torsion
		G. Testicular cancer
		H. Infertility (male)
		I. Impotence
	IX. Pediatric Genitourinary Concerns
		A. Wilms tumor
		B. Urethral displacement
		C. Enuresis
		D. Undescended testes (cryptorchidism)
		E. Posterior urethral valves
5. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
	I. Disorders of Glucose Metabolism
		A. Normal glucose metabolism
		B. Diabetes mellitus (DM) type I (juvenile onset diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes)
		C. Diabetes mellitus type II (adult onset diabetes, non–insulin-dependent diabetes)
		D. Complications of diabetes
		E. Hypoglycemia
	II. Thyroid Disorders
		A. Thyroid function
		B. Hyperthyroidism
		C. Thyroid storm
		D. Hashimoto thyroiditis
		E. Thyroid carcinoma
	III. Parathyroid Disorders
		A. Parathyroid function
		B. Primary hyperparathyroidism
		C. Hypoparathyroidism
		D. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
	IV. Pituitary and Hypothalamic Disorders
		A. Hypothalamic-pituitary function
		B. Hyperprolactinemia
		C. Acromegaly
		D. Hypopituitarism
		E. Disorders of posterior pituitary
	V. Adrenal Disorders
		A. Adrenal function
		B. Cushing syndrome
		C. Hyperaldosteronism
		D. Adrenal insufficiency
		E. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
		F. Pheochromocytoma
	VI. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
	VII. Pediatric Endocrine Concerns
		A. Cretinism
6. HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY
	I. Anemias
		A. Red blood cell (RBC) physiology
		B. Hemolytic anemia
		C. Iron-deficiency anemia
		D. Lead poisoning anemia
		E. Folate-deficiency anemia
		F. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
		G. Anemia of chronic disease
		H. Aplastic anemia
	II. Genetic Disorders of Hemoglobin
		A. Sideroblastic anemia
		B. Thalassemia
		C. Sickle cell disease
	III. Leukocyte Disorders and Hypersensitivity
		A. Lymphopenia without immune deficiency
		B. Eosinophilia
		C. Neutropenia
		D. Hypersensitivity reactions
		E. Anaphylaxis
	IV. Clotting Disorders
		A. Normal clotting function
		B. Thrombocytopenia
		C. von Willebrand disease
		D. Vitamin K deficiency
		E. Hemophilia
		F. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
	V. Hematologic Infections
		A. Sepsis
		B. Malaria
		C. Infectious mononucleosis
		D. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
	VI. Hematologic Neoplastic Conditions
		A. Polycythemia vera
		B. Multiple myeloma
		C. Lymphoma
		D. Leukemia
	VII. Oncologic Therapy
		A. Treatment strategy
		B. Cancer surgery
		C. Radiation therapy
		D. Chemotherapy
	VIII. Other Pediatric Hematologic and Oncologic Concerns (Not Addressed in Other Sections)
		A. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
		B. Fanconi anemia
		C. Diamond-Blackfan anemia
		D. Neuroblastoma
		E. Rhabdomyosarcoma
7. SELECTED TOPICS IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE, CRITICAL CARE, AND SURGERY
	EMERGENCY MEDICINE
		I. Accidents and Injury
			A. Burns
			B. Drowning
			C. Choking
			D. Heat emergencies
			E. Hypothermia
			F. Bites and stings
		II. Toxicology
			A. General principles
			B. Ingested poisons
			C. Carbon monoxide poisoning
		III. Cardiovascular Emergencies
			A. Cardiac arrest
			B. Acute stroke
		IV. Traumatology
			A. Mechanisms of injury
			B. Trauma assessment
			C. Head trauma
			D. Spinal cord trauma
			E. Neck trauma
			F. Chest trauma
			G. Abdominal trauma
			H. Genitourinary and pelvic trauma
			I. Extremity trauma
			J. Trauma during pregnancy
		V. Abuse and Sexual Assault
			A. Abuse
			B. Sexual assault
	BASIC CRITICAL CARE
		I. Issues in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
			A. Role of the ICU
			B. Pulmonary concerns
			C. Invasive monitoring
		II. Hemodynamic Stability
			A. Transfusions
			B. Vasoactive medications
	BASIC SURGICAL CONCERNS
		I. Preoperative and Postoperative Issues
			A. Preoperative risk assessment
			B. Postoperative fever
			C. Wounds and healing
		II. Surgical Emergencies
			A. Acute abdomen
			B. Malignant hyperthermia
		III. Transplantation
			A. Indications and selection
			B. Graft versus host disease
8. NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
	I. Normal Neurologic and Neurovascular Function
		A. Cerebral vasculature
		B. Neurologic organization
	II. Neurologic Infection
		A. Bacterial meningitis
		B. Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
		C. Encephalitis
		D. Brain abscess
		E. Poliomyelitis
		F. Rabies
	III. Headache
	IV. Cerebrovascular and Hemorrhagic Diseases
		A. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
		B. Stroke (cerebrovascular accident [CVA])
		C. Parenchymal hemorrhage
		D. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
		E. Epidural hematoma
		F. Subdural hematoma
		G. Aphasias
	V. Seizure Disorders
		A. Causes of seizures
		B. Types of seizures
		C. Status epilepticus
	VI. Degenerative Neurologic Disorders
		A. Parkinson disease
		B. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
		C. Huntington disease
		D. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
		E. Syringomyelia
	VII. Peripheral Motor and Neuromuscular Disorders
		A. Myasthenia gravis
		B. Guillain-Barré syndrome
		C. Facial nerve palsy (Bell’s palsy)
		D. Hyperkinetic disorders
	VIII. Neoplasms
		A. Primary CNS neoplasms
		B. Metastatic CNS neoplasms
		C. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease)
	IX. Sleep and Loss of Consciousness
		A. Sleep
		B. Syncope
		C. Coma
	X. Pediatric Neurologic Issues
		A. Febrile seizures
		B. Childhood hydrocephalus
		C. Tay-Sachs disease
		D. Neural tube defects
		E. Cerebral palsy (CP)
		F. Retinoblastoma
	XI. Ophthalmology
		A. Normal eye function
		B. Common vision abnormalities
		C. Eye inflammation and infection
		D. Cataracts
		E. Glaucoma
		F. Macular degeneration
		G. Retinal detachment
		H. Retinal vessel occlusion
	XII. Audiovestibular Disorders
		A. Otitis media
		B. Otitis externa (“swimmer’s ear”)
		C. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
		D. Ménière disease (endolymphatic hydrops)
		E. Acoustic neuroma (acoustic schwannoma)
	XIII. Dementia and Delirium
		A. Alzheimer disease
		B. Frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease)
		C. Dementia with Lewy bodies
		D. Normal pressure hydrocephalus
		E. Delirium
9. MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
	I. Common Adult Orthopedic Conditions
		A. Carpal tunnel syndrome
		B. Dislocations
		C. Fractures
		D. Sprains
		E. Ligament tears
		F. Meniscus tears (knee)
		G. Compartment syndrome
	II. Spine
		A. Back pain
		B. Degenerative disc disease
		C. Spinal stenosis
		D. Cauda equina syndrome
		E. Brachial plexus
	III. Metabolic Bone Diseases
		A. Osteoporosis
		B. Osteopetrosis
		C. Paget disease of bone
		D. Osteogenesis imperfecta
		E. Gout
		F. Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease or CPPD)
	IV. Infection
		A. Septic joint and septic arthritis
		B. Osteomyelitis
		C. Lyme disease
	V. Osteoarthritis (OA)
		A. Degenerative joint disease
	VI. Rheumatologic Diseases
		A. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
		B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
		C. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
		D. Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
		E. Fibromyalgia
		F. Ankylosing spondylitis
		G. Psoriatic arthritis
		H. Scleroderma
		I. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)
		J. Sjögren syndrome
	VII. Neoplasms
		A. Bone metastases
		B. Osteosarcoma
		C. Ewing sarcoma
		D. Osteochondroma
	VIII. Pediatric Orthopedics
		A. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
		B. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
		C. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
		D. Osgood-Schlatter disease
		E. Club foot
		F. Physeal fractures
		G. Clavicular fracture
		H. Nursemaid’s elbow
		I. Rickets
		J. Scoliosis
		K. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
		L. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
10. DERMATOLOGY
	I. Infections
		A. Cellulitis
		B. Skin abscess
		C. Necrotizing fasciitis
		D. Gangrene
		E. Impetigo
		F. Acne vulgaris
		G. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
		H. Varicella
		I. Warts
		J. Molluscum contagiosum
		K. Scabies
		L. Fungal infections
	II. Inflammatory Skin Conditions
		A. Hypersensitivity reactions in skin
		B. Erythema multiforme
		C. Stevens-Johnson syndrome
		D. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
		E. Seborrheic dermatitis
		F. Atopic dermatitis (i.e., eczema)
		G. Psoriasis
		H. Pityriasis rosea
		I. Erythema nodosum
	III. Bullous Diseases
		A. Pemphigus vulgaris
		B. Bullous pemphigoid
		C. Porphyria cutanea tarda
	IV. Neoplasms
		A. Actinic keratosis
		B. Squamous cell carcinoma
		C. Basal cell carcinoma
		D. Melanoma
	V. Plastic Surgery
		A. Grafts and flaps
		B. Reconstructive surgery
		C. Cosmetic surgery
11. GYNECOLOGIC AND BREAST DISORDERS
	I. Menstrual Physiology
		A. Gynecologic development
		B. Precocious puberty
		C. Normal menstrual cycle
		D. Menopause
	II. Contraception
	III. Menstrual Disorders and Issues
		A. Amenorrhea
		B. Dysmenorrhea
		C. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
		D. Endometriosis
		E. Abnormal uterine bleeding
		F. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
	IV. Common Gynecologic Infections
		A. Vaginitis
		B. Toxic shock syndrome
	V. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
		A. Cervicitis
		B. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
		C. Syphilis
		D. Genital herpes
		E. Molluscum contagiosum
		F. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
		G. Chancroid
		H. Lymphogranuloma venereum
		I. Granuloma inguinale
	VI. Gynecologic Neoplasms
		A. Uterine fibroids (uterine leiomyoma)
		B. Endometrial cancer
		C. Cervical cancer
		D. Benign ovarian tumors
		E. Ovarian cancer
	VII. Disorders of the Breast
		A. Breast abscess
		B. Fibrocystic changes
		C. Fibroadenoma
		D. Intraductal papilloma
		E. Breast cancer
12. OBSTETRICS
	I. Normal Pregnancy Physiology
	II. Prenatal Care
		A. Nutrition
		B. Prenatal visits
	III. Medical Complications of Pregnancy
		A. Gestational diabetes mellitus (DM)
		B. Pregestational diabetes mellitus (DM)
		C. Preeclampsia
		D. Eclampsia
		E. Maternal asthma
		F. Maternal nausea and vomiting
		G. Maternal deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
		H. Maternal UTIs
		I. Maternal drug use
		J. Congenital infections
	IV. Obstetric Complications of Pregnancy
		A. Ectopic pregnancy
		B. Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
		C. Intrauterine fetal demise
		D. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
		E. Oligohydramnios
		F. Polyhydramnios
		G. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
		H. Preterm labor
		I. Placenta previa
		J. Abruptio placentae
		K. Multiple gestations
	V. Labor and Delivery
		A. Assessment of fetal well-being
		B. Stages of labor
		C. Induction of labor
		D. Malpresentation
		E. Caesarean section
		F. Normal puerperium and postpartum activity
		G. Postpartum bleeding
	VI. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
		A. Hydatidiform mole
		B. Choriocarcinoma
13. PEDIATRICS
	I. Development and Health Supervision
		A. Physical growth
		B. Developmental milestones
		C. Childhood health maintenance
		D. Adolescence
	II. Immune Disorders
	III. Genetic Disorders (Chromosomal Pathology)
		A. Sex chromosome disorders
		B. Trisomies
		C. Deletion syndromes
		D. Fragile X syndrome
14. PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
	I. Psychotic Disorders
		A. Schizophrenia
		B. Other psychotic disorders
	II. Mood Disorders
		A. Major depressive disorder (MDD)
		B. Persistent depressive disorder
		C. Bipolar disorder
		D. Cyclothymic disorder
	III. Anxiety Disorders
		A. Panic disorder
		B. Generalized anxiety disorder
		C. Social anxiety disorder
		D. Specific phobia
	IV. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
		A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
		B. Body dysmorphic disorder
		C. Hoarding disorder
	V. Stress- and Trauma-Related Disorders
		A. Adjustment disorder
		B. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
	VI. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
		A. Conversion disorder
		B. Somatic symptom disorder
		C. Illness anxiety disorder
		D. Factitious disorder (Münchausen syndrome)
	VII. Eating Disorders
		A. Anorexia nervosa
		B. Bulimia nervosa
		C. Binge eating disorder
	VIII. Personality Disorders
	IX. Substance Abuse
	X. Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders
		A. Autism spectrum disorder
		B. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
		C. Tourette syndrome
		D. Conduct disorder
15. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETHICS
	I. Research Studies
		A. Study requirements
		B. Study designs
		C. Bias
	II. Biostatistics
		A. Rates of disease
		B. Risk of disease
		C. Statistics of diagnostic tests
		D. Types of error
		E. Statistical significance
		F. Power
	III. Ethics
		A. Rights of the patient
		B. Patient decision making
		C. End-of-life issues
INDEX