Step-by-Step Programming with Base SAS 9.4, Second Edition

Contents
About This Book
	Syntax Conventions for the SAS Language
		Overview of Syntax Conventions for the SAS Language
		Syntax Components
		Style Conventions
		Special Characters
		References to SAS Libraries and External Files
What’s New in Step-by-Step Programming with Base SAS9.4
	Overview
	Debugging SAS Programs
	Concatenating SAS Variables
	Output Delivery System (ODS)
Accessibility Features of Step-by-Step Programming with BaseSAS 9.4
	Overview
Introduction to the SAS System
	What is the SAS System?
		Introduction to the SAS System
		Components of Base SAS Software
			Overview of Base SAS Software
			Data Management Facility
			Programming Language
			Data Analysis and Reporting Utilities
		Output Produced by the SAS System
			Traditional Output
			Output from the Output Delivery System (ODS)
		Ways to Run SAS Programs
			Selecting an Approach
			SAS Windowing Environment
			SAS/ASSIST Software
			Noninteractive Mode
			Batch Mode
			Interactive Line Mode
		Running Programs in the SAS Windowing Environment
		Summary
			Statements
			Procedures
		Learning More
	Working with Output Defaults
		Working with Output Defaults Starting in SAS 9.3
			Overview of Working with Output Defaults
			The Default Destination
			HTML Output in the SAS Windowing Environment
			LISTING Output in the SAS Windowing Environment
			ODS Graphics
			How to Restore 9.2 Behavior
		Learning More
Getting Your Data into Shape
	Introduction to DATA Step Processing
		Introduction to DATA Step Processing
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		The SAS Data Set: Your Key to the SAS System
			Understanding the Function of the SAS Data Set
			Understanding the Structure of the SAS Data Set
			Using FILENAME and LIBNAME Statements
			Temporary versus Permanent SAS Data Sets
		How the DATA Step Works: A Basic Introduction
			Overview of the DATA Step
			During the Compilation Phase
			During the Execution Phase
			Example of a DATA Step
		Supplying Information to Create a SAS Data Set
			Overview of Creating a SAS Data Set
			Telling SAS How to Read the Data: Styles of Input
			Reading Dates with Two-Digit and Four-Digit Year Values
			Defining Variables in SAS
			Indicating the Location of Your Data
			Using External Files in Your SAS Job
			Identifying an External File Directly
			Referencing an External File with a Fileref
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Starting with Raw Data: The Basics
		Introduction to Raw Data
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Examine the Structure of the Raw Data: Factors to Consider
		Reading Unaligned Data
			Understanding List Input
			Program: Basic List Input
			Program: When the Data Is Delimited by Characters, Not Blanks
			Program: When Consecutive Delimiters Indicate Missing Values
			List Input: Points to Remember
		Reading Data That Is Aligned in Columns
			Understanding Column Input
			Program: Reading Data Aligned in Columns
			Understanding Some Advantages of Column Input over Simple ListInput
			Reading Embedded Blanks and Creating Longer Variables
			Program: Skipping Fields When Reading Data Records
			Column Input: Points to Remember
		Reading Data That Requires Special Instructions
			Understanding Formatted Input
			Program: Reading Data That Requires Special Instructions
			Understanding How to Control the Position of the Pointer
			Formatted Input: Points to Remember
		Reading Unaligned Data with More Flexibility
			Understanding How to Make List Input More Flexible
			Creating Longer Variables and Reading Numeric Data That ContainsSpecial Characters
			Reading Character Data That Contains Embedded Blanks
		Mixing Styles of Input
			An Example of Mixed Input
			Understanding the Effect of Input Style on Pointer Location
		Summary
			Statements
			Column-Pointer Controls
		Learning More
	Starting with Raw Data: Beyond the Basics
		Introduction to Beyond the Basics with Raw Data
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Testing a Condition Before Creating an Observation
		Creating Multiple Observations from a Single Record
			Using the Double Trailing @ Line-Hold Specifier
			Understanding How the Double Trailing @ Affects DATA Step Execution
		Reading Multiple Records to Create a Single Observation
			How the Data Records Are Structured
			Method 1: Using Multiple Input Statements
			Method 2: Using the / Line-Pointer Control
			Reading Variables from Multiple Records in Any Order
			Understanding How the #n Line-Pointer Control Affects DATAStep Execution
		Problem Solving: When an Input Record Unexpectedly Does NotHave Enough Values
			Understanding the Default Behavior
			Methods of Control: Your Options
		Summary
			Column-Pointer Controls
			Line-Hold Specifiers
			Statements
		Learning More
	Starting with SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Starting with SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding the Basics
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Reading Selected Observations
		Reading Selected Variables
			Overview of Reading Selected Variables
			Keeping Selected Variables
			Dropping Selected Variables
			Choosing between Data Set Options and Statements
			Choosing between the DROP= and KEEP= Data Set Option
		Creating More Than One Data Set in a Single DATA Step
		Using the DROP= and KEEP= Data Set Options for Efficiency
		Summary
			Data Set Options
			Procedures
			Statements
		Learning More
Basic Programming
	Understanding DATA Step Processing
		Overview of DATA Step Processing
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Adding Information to a SAS Data Set
			Understanding the Assignment Statement
			Making Uniform Changes to Data By Creating a Variable
			Adding Information to Some Observations but Not Others
			Making Uniform Changes to Data without Creating Variables
			Using Variables Efficiently
		Defining Enough Storage Space for Variables
		Conditionally Deleting an Observation
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Working with Numeric Variables
		Introduction to Working with Numeric Variables
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		About Numeric Variables in SAS
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Calculating with Numeric Variables
			Using Arithmetic Operators in Assignment Statements
			Understanding Numeric Expressions and Assignment Statements
			Understanding How SAS Handles Missing Values
			Calculating Numbers Using SAS Functions
		Comparing Numeric Variables
		Storing Numeric Variables Efficiently
		Summary
			Functions
			Statements
		Learning More
	Working with Character Variables
		Introduction to Working with Character Variables
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
			Character Variables in SAS
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Identifying Character Variables and Expressing Character Values
		Setting the Length of Character Variables
		Handling Missing Values
			Reading Missing Values
			Checking for Missing Character Values
			Setting a Character Variable Value to Missing
		Creating New Character Values
			Extracting a Portion of a Character Value
			Combining Character Values: Using Concatenation
		Saving Storage Space by Treating Numbers as Characters
		Summary
			Functions
			Statements
		Learning More
	Acting on Selected Observations
		Introduction to Acting on Selected Observations
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Selecting Observations
			Understanding  the Selection Process
			Selecting Observations Based on a Simple Condition
			Providing an Alternative Action
			Creating a Series of Mutually Exclusive Conditions
		Constructing Conditions
			Understanding Construct Conditions
			Selecting an Observation Based on Simple Conditions
			Using More Than One Comparison in a Condition
		Comparing Characters
			Types of Character Comparisons
			Comparing Uppercase and Lowercase Characters
			Selecting All Values That Begin with the Same Group of Characters
			Selecting a Range of Character Values
			Finding a Value Anywhere within Another Character Value
		Summary
			Statements
			Functions
		Learning More
	Creating Subsets of Observations
		Introduction to Creating Subsets of Observations
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Selecting Observations for a New SAS Data Set
			Deleting Observations Based on a Condition
			Accepting Observations Based on a Condition
			Comparing the DELETE and Subsetting IF Statements
		Conditionally Writing Observations to One or More SAS DataSets
			Understanding the OUTPUT Statement
			Example for Conditionally Writing Observations to MultipleData Sets
			Avoiding a Common Mistake When Writing to Multiple Data Sets
			Understanding Why the Placement of the OUTPUT Statement IsImportant
			Writing an Observation Multiple Times to One or More Data Sets
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Working with Grouped or Sorted Observations
		Introduction to Working with Grouped or Sorted Observations
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Working with Grouped Data
			Understanding the Basics of Grouping Data
			Grouping Observations with the SORT Procedure
			Grouping by More Than One Variable
			Arranging Groups in Descending Order
			Finding the First or Last Observation in a Group
		Working with Sorted Data
			Understanding Sorted Data
			Sorting Data
			Deleting Duplicate Observations
			Understanding Collating Sequences
			ASCII Collating Sequence
			EBCDIC Collating Sequence
		Summary
			Procedures
			Statements
		Learning More
	Using More Than One Observation in a Calculation
		Introduction to Using More Than One Observation in a Calculation
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input File and SAS Data Set for Examples
		Accumulating a Total for an Entire Data Set
			Creating a Running Total
			Writing Only the Total
		Obtaining a Total for Each BY Group
		Writing to Separate Data Sets
			Writing Observations to Separate Data Sets
			Writing Totals to Separate Data Sets
			The Program
		Using a Value in a Later Observation
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Finding Shortcuts in Programming
		Introduction to Shortcuts
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input File and SAS Data Set
		Performing More Than One Action in an IF-THEN Statement
		Performing the Same Action for a Series of Variables
			Using a Series of IF-THEN Statements
			Grouping Variables into Arrays
			Repeating the Action
			Selecting the Current Variable
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Working with Dates in the SAS System
		Introduction to Working with Dates
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding How SAS Handles Dates
			How SAS Stores Date Values
			Determining the Century for Dates with Two-Digit Years
		Input File and SAS Data Set for Examples
		Entering Dates
			Understanding Informats for Date Values
			Reading a Date Value
			Using Good Programming Practices to Read Dates
			Using Dates as Constants
		Displaying Dates
			Understanding How SAS Displays Values
			Formatting a Date Value
			Assigning Permanent Date Formats to Variables
			Changing Formats Temporarily
		Using Dates in Calculations
			Sorting Dates
			Creating New Date Variables
		Using SAS Date Functions
			Finding the Day of the Week
		Comparing Durations and SAS Date Values
		Summary
			Statements
			Formats and Informats for Dates
			Functions
			System Options
		Learning More
Combining SAS Data Sets
	Methods of Combining SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Combining SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Definition of Concatenating
		Definition of Interleaving
		Definition of Merging
		Definition of Updating
		Definition of Modifying
		Comparing Modifying, Merging, and Updating Data Sets
		Learning More
	Concatenating SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Concatenating SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Concatenating Data Sets with the SET Statement
			Understanding the SET Statement
			Using the SET Statement: The Simplest Case
			Using the SET Statement When Data Sets Contain Different Variables
			Using the SET Statement When Variables Have Different Attributes
		Concatenating Data Sets By Using the APPEND Procedure
			Understanding the APPEND Procedure
			Using the APPEND Procedure: The Simplest Case
			Using the APPEND Procedure When Data Sets Contain DifferentVariables
			Using the APPEND Procedure When Variables Have Different Attributes
		Choosing between the SET Statement and the APPEND Procedure
		Summary
			Statements
			Procedures
		Learning More
	Interleaving SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Interleaving SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding BY-Group Processing Concepts
		Interleaving Data Sets
			Preparing to Interleave Data Sets
			Understanding the Interleaving Process
			Using the Interleaving Process
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Merging SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Merging SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding the MERGE Statement
		One-to-One Merging
			Definition of One-to-One Merging
			Performing a Simple One-to-One Merge
			Performing a One-to-One Merge on Data Sets with the Same Variables
		Match-Merging
			Merging with a BY Statement
			Input SAS Data Set for Examples
			The Program
			Explanation
			Match-Merging Data Sets with Multiple Observations in a BYGroup
			Match-Merging Data Sets with Dropped Variables
			Match-Merging Data Sets with the IN= Data Set Option
			Match-Merging Data Sets with the Same Variables
			Match-Merging Data Sets That Lack a Common Variable
		Choosing between One-to-One Merging and Match-Merging
			Comparing Match-Merge Methods
			Input SAS Data Set for Examples
			When to Use a One-to-One Merge
			When to Use a Match-Merge
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Updating SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Updating SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding the UPDATE Statement
		Understanding How to Select BY Variables
		Updating a Data Set
		Updating with Incremental Values
		Understanding the Differences between Updating and Merging
			General Comparisons between Updating and Merging
			How the UPDATE and MERGE Statements Process Missing ValuesDifferently
			How the UPDATE and MERGE Statements Process Multiple Observationsin a BY Group Differently
		Handling Missing Values
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Modifying SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Modifying SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Modifying a SAS Data Set: The Simplest Case
		Modifying a Master Data Set with Observations from a TransactionData Set
			Understanding the MODIFY Statement
			Adding New Observations to the Master Data Set
			Checking for Program Errors
			The Program
		Understanding How Duplicate BY Variables Affect File Update
			How the DATA Step Processes Duplicate BY Variables
			The Program
		Handling Missing Values
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Conditionally Processing Observations from Multiple SAS DataSets
		Introduction to Conditional Processing from Multiple SAS DataSets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input SAS Data Sets for Examples
		Determining Which Data Set Contributed the Observation
			Understanding the IN= Data Set Option
			The Program
		Combining Selected Observations from Multiple Data Sets
		Performing a Calculation Based on the Last Observation
			Understanding When the Last Observation Is Processed
			The Program
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
Debugging SAS Programs
	Analyzing Your SAS Session with the SAS Log
		Introduction to Analyzing Your SAS Session with the SAS  Log
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding the SAS Log
			Understanding the Role of the SAS Log
			Resolving Errors with the Log
		Locating the SAS Log
		Understanding the Log Structure
			The Components of a SAS Log
			Messages in the SAS Log
			Notes in the SAS Log
			Warning Messages in the SAS Log
			Error Messages in the SAS Log
			Detecting a Syntax Error
		Writing to the SAS Log
			Default Output to the SAS Log
			Writing Messages to the SAS Log: The PUT Statement
			Writing the Contents of an Input Record: The LIST Statement
			Writing Messages to the SAS Log: The %PUT Macro Statement
		Suppressing Information in the SAS Log
			Using SAS System Options to Suppress Log Output
			Suppressing SAS Statements
			Suppressing System Notes
			Limiting the Number of Error Messages
			Controlling the Level of Detail in the SAS Log
			Suppressing SAS Statements, Notes, and Error Messages
		Changing the Appearance of the Log
		Summary
			Statements
			System Options
		Learning More
	Directing SAS Output and the SAS Log
		Introduction to Directing SAS Output and the SAS Log
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input File and SAS Data Set for Examples
		Routing the Output and the SAS Log with PROC PRINTTO
			Routing Output to an Alternate Location
			Routing the SAS Log to an Alternate Location
			Restoring the Default Destination
		Storing the Output and the SAS Log in the SAS Windowing Environment
			Understanding the Default Destination
			Storing the Contents of the Output and Log Windows
		Redefining the Default Destination in a Batch or NoninteractiveEnvironment
			Determining the Default Destination
			Changing the Default Destination
			Understanding the Configuration File
		Summary
			PROC PRINTTO Statement Options
			SAS Windowing Environment Commands
			SAS System Options
		Learning More
	Diagnosing and Avoiding Errors
		Introduction to Diagnosing and Avoiding Errors
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding How the SAS Supervisor Checks a Job
		Understanding How SAS Processes Errors
		Distinguishing Types of Errors
			SAS Programming Errors
			Syntax Errors
			Execution-time Errors
			Data Errors
			Semantic Errors
		Diagnosing Errors
			Examples in This Section
			Diagnosing Syntax Errors
			Diagnosing Execution-time Errors
			Diagnosing Data Errors
			Diagnosing Semantic Errors
		Using a Quality Control Checklist
		Learning More
	Finding Logic Errors in Your Program
		Finding Logic Errors in Your Program
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Using the DATA Step Debugger
		Basic Usage
			How a Debugger Session Works
			Using the Windows
			Entering Commands
			Working with Expressions
			Assigning Commands to Function Keys
		Using the Macro Facility with the Debugger
			Using Macros as Debugging Tools
			Creating Customized Debugging Commands with Macros
			Debugging a DATA Step Generated by a Macro
		Examples
			Example 1: Debugging a Simple DATA Step When Output Is Missing
			Example 2: Working with Formats
			Example 3: Debugging DO Loops
			Example 4: Examining Formatted Values of Variables
Producing Reports
	Producing Detail Reports with the PRINT Procedure
		Introduction to Producing Reports with the PRINT Procedure
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input File and SAS Data Sets for Examples
		Creating Simple Reports
			Showing All the Variables
			Labeling the Observation Column
			Suppressing the Observation Column
			Emphasizing a Key Variable
			Reporting the Values of Selected Variables
			Selecting Observations
		Creating Enhanced Reports
			Ways to Enhance a Report
			Specifying Formats for the Variables
			Summing Numeric Variables
			Grouping Observations by Variable Values
			Grouping Observations in Multiple Sections
		Creating Customized Reports
			Ways to Customize a Report
			Understanding Titles and Footnotes
			Adding Titles and Footnotes
			Defining Labels
			Splitting Labels across Two or More Lines
			Adding Blanks Lines
			Changing the Report Style
		Making Your Reports Easy to Change
			Understanding the SAS Macro Facility
			Using Automatic Macro Variables
			Using Your Own Macro Variables
			Defining Macro Variables
			Referring to Macro Variables
		Summary
			PROC PRINT Statements
			PROC SORT Statements
			SAS Macro Language
		Learning More
	Creating Summary Tables with the TABULATE Procedure
		Introduction to Creating Summary Tables with the TABULATE Procedure
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding Summary Table Design
		Understanding the Basics of the TABULATE Procedure
			Required Statements for the TABULATE Procedure
			Begin with the PROC TABULATE Statement
			Specify Class Variables with the CLASS Statement
			Specify Analysis Variables with the VAR Statement
			Define the Table Structure with the TABLE Statement
			Identifying Missing Values for Class Variables
		Input File and SAS Data Set for Examples
		Creating Simple Summary Tables
			Creating a Basic One-Dimensional Summary Table
			Creating a Basic Two-Dimensional Summary Table
			Creating a Basic Three-Dimensional Summary Table
			Producing Multiple Tables in a Single PROC TABULATE Step
		Creating More Sophisticated Summary Tables
			Creating Hierarchical Tables to Report on Subgroups
			Formatting Output
			Calculating Descriptive Statistics
			Reporting on Multiple Statistics
			Reducing Code and Applying a Single Label to Multiple Elements
			Getting Summaries for All Variables
			Defining Labels
			Using Styles and the Output Delivery System
			Ordering Class Variables
		Summary
			Global Statement
			TABULATE Procedure Statements
		Learning More
	Creating Detail and Summary Reports with the REPORT Procedure
		Introduction to Creating Detail and Summary Reports with theREPORT Procedure
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding How to Construct a Report
			Using the Report Writing Tools
			Types of Reports
			Laying Out a Report
		Input File and SAS Data Set for Examples
		Creating Simple Reports
			Displaying All the Variables
			Specifying and Ordering the Columns
			Ordering the Rows
			Consolidating Several Observations into a Single Row
			Changing the Default Order of the Rows
		Creating More Sophisticated Reports
			Adjusting the Column Layout
			Customizing Column Headings
			Specifying  Formats
			Using Variable Values as Column Headings
			Summarizing Groups of Observations
		Summary
			PROC REPORT Statements
		Learning More
Producing Plots and Charts
	Plotting the Relationship between Variables
		Introduction to Plotting the Relationship between Variables
			Overview
			Prerequisites
		Input File and SAS Data Set for Examples
		Plotting One Set of Variables
			Understanding the PLOT Statement
			Example
		Enhancing the Plot
			Specifying the Axes Labels
			Specifying the Tick Marks Values
			Specifying Plotting Symbols
			Removing the Legend
		Plotting Multiple Sets of Variables
			Creating Multiple Plots on Separate Pages
			Creating Multiple Plots on the Same Page
			Plotting Multiple Sets of Variables on the Same Axes
		Summary
			PROC PLOT Statements
		Learning More
	Producing Charts to Summarize Variables
		Introduction to Producing Charts to Summarize Variables
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding the Charting Tools
		Input File and SAS Data Set for Examples
		Charting Frequencies with the CHART Procedure
			Types of Frequency Charts
			Creating Vertical Bar Charts
			Creating a Horizontal Bar Chart
			Creating Block Charts
			Creating Pie Charts
		Customizing Frequency Charts
			Changing the Number of Ranges
			Specifying Midpoints for a Numeric Variable
			Specifying the Number of Midpoints in a Chart
			Charting Every Value
			Charting the Frequency of a Character Variable
			Charting Mean Values
			Creating a Three-Dimensional Chart
		Creating High-Resolution Histograms
			Understanding How to Use the HISTOGRAM Statement
			Understanding How to Use SAS/GRAPH to Create Histograms
			Creating a Simple Histogram
			Changing the Axes of a Histogram
			Displaying Summary Statistics in a Histogram
			Creating a Comparative Histogram
		Summary
			PROC CHART Statements
			PROC UNIVARIATE Statements
			GOPTIONS Statement
			FORMAT Statement
		Learning More
Designing Your Own Output
	Writing Lines to the SAS Log or to an Output File
		Introduction to Writing Lines to the SAS Log or to an OutputFile
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding the PUT Statement
		Writing Output without Creating a Data Set
		Writing Simple Text
			Writing a Character String
			Writing Variable Values
			Writing on the Same Line More Than Once
			Releasing a Held Line
		Writing a Report
			Writing to an Output File
			Designing the Report
			Writing Data Values
			Improving the Appearance of Numeric Data Values
			Writing a Value at the Beginning of Each BY Group
			Calculating Totals
			Writing Headings and Footnotes for a One-Page Report
		Summary
			Statements
		Learning More
	Understanding and Customizing SAS Output: The Basics
		Introduction to the Basics of Understanding and CustomizingSAS Output
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Understanding Output
			Output from Procedures
			Output from DATA Step Applications
			Output from the Output Delivery System (ODS)
		Input SAS Data Set for Examples
		Locating Procedure Output
		Making Output Informative
			Adding Titles
			Adding Footnotes
			Labeling Variables
			Developing Descriptive Output
		Controlling Output Appearance of Listing Output
			Specifying SAS System Options
			Numbering Pages
			Centering Output
			Specifying Page and Line Size
			Writing Date and Time Values
			Choosing Options Selectively
		Controlling the Appearance of Pages
			Input Data Set forExamples of Multiple-page Reports
			Writing Centered Title and Column Headings
			Writing Titles and Column Headings in Specific Columns
			Changing a Portion of a Heading
			Controlling Page Divisions
		Representing Missing Values
			Recognizing Default Values
			Customizing Output of Missing Values By Using a System Option
			Customizing Output of Missing Values By Using a Procedure
		Summary
			Statements
			SAS System Options
		Learning More
	Understanding and Customizing SAS Output: The Output DeliverySystem (ODS)
		Introduction to Customizing SAS Output By Using the OutputDelivery System
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input Data Set for Examples
		Understanding ODS Output Formats and Destinations
		Selecting an Output Format
		Creating Formatted Output
			Creating HTML Output for a Web Browser
			Creating PDF Output for Adobe Acrobat and Other Applications
			Creating RTF and PowerPoint Output
		Selecting the Output That You Want to Format
			Identifying Output
			Selecting and Excluding Program Output
			Creating a SAS Data Set
		Customizing ODS Output
			Customizing ODS Output at the Level of a SAS Job
			Customizing ODS Output By Using a Template
		Storing Links to ODS Output
		Summary
			ODS Statements
			PROC SORT Statements
			PROC TABULATE Statements
			PROC TEMPLATE Statements
			PROC UNIVARIATE Statements
		Learning More
Storing and Managing Data in SAS Files
	Understanding SAS Libraries
		Introduction to Understanding SAS Libraries
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		What Is a SAS Library?
		Accessing a SAS Library
			Telling SAS Where the SAS Library Is Located
			Assigning a Libref
			Using Librefs for Temporary and Permanent Libraries
		Storing Files in a SAS Library
			What Is a SAS File?
			Understanding SAS Data Sets
			Understanding Other SAS Files
		Referencing SAS Data Sets in a SAS Library
			Understanding Data Set Names
			Using a One-Level Name
			Using a Two-Level Name
		Summary
			Statements
			SAS Data Set Reference
		Learning More
	Managing SAS Libraries
		Introduction to Managing SAS Libraries
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Choosing Your Tools
		Understanding the DATASETS Procedure
		Looking at a PROC DATASETS Session
		Summary
			Procedures
			Statements
		Learning More
	Getting Information about Your SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Getting Information about Your SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input Data Library for Examples
		Requesting a Directory Listing for a SAS Library
			Understanding a Directory Listing
			Listing All Files in a Library
			Listing Files That Have the Same Member Type
		Requesting Contents Information about SAS Data Sets
			Using the DATASETS Procedure for SAS Data Sets
			Listing the Contents of One Data Set
			Listing the Contents of All Data Sets in a Library
		Requesting Contents Information in Different Formats
		Summary
			Procedures
			DATASETS Procedure Statements
		Learning More
	Modifying SAS Data Set Names and Variable Attributes
		Introduction to Modifying SAS Data Set Names and Variable Attributes
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input Data Library for Examples
		Renaming SAS Data Sets
		Modifying Variable Attributes
			Understanding How to Modify Variable Attributes
			Renaming Variables
			Assigning, Changing, or Removing Formats
			Assigning, Changing, or Removing Labels
		Summary
			DATASETS Procedure Statements
		Learning More
	Copying, Moving, and Deleting SAS Data Sets
		Introduction to Copying, Moving, and Deleting SAS Data Sets
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
		Input Data Libraries for Examples
		Copying SAS Data Sets
			Copying from the Procedure Input Library
			Copying from Other Libraries
		Copying Specific SAS Data Sets
			Selecting Data Sets to Copy
			Excluding Data Sets from Copying
		Moving SAS Libraries and SAS Data Sets
			Moving Libraries
			Moving Specific Data Sets
		Deleting SAS Data Sets
			Specifying Data Sets to Delete
			Specifying Data Sets to Save
		Deleting All Files in a SAS Library
		Summary
			Procedures
			DATASETS Procedure Statements
		Learning More
Understanding Your SAS Environment
	Introducing the SAS Environment
		Introduction to the SAS Environment
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
			Operating Environment Differences
		Starting a SAS Session
		Selecting a SAS Processing Mode
			Processing Modes and Categories
			Processing in the SAS Windowing Environment
			Processing Interactively in Line Mode
			Processing in Batch Mode
			Processing Noninteractively
		Summary
			Command
			Options
			System Options
			Statements
			Commands
		Learning More
			Operating Environment Information
			Windowing Environment Commands
			Documentation
	Using the SAS Windowing Environment
		Introduction to Using the SAS Windowing Environment
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
			Operating Environment Differences
		Getting Organized
			Overview of Data Organization
			Exploring Libraries and Library Members
			Assigning a Library Reference
			Managing Library Assignment Problems
		Finding Online Help
			Accessing SAS Online Help System
			Accessing Window Help
		Using SAS Windowing Environment Command Types
			Overview of SAS Windowing Environment Command Types
			Using Command-Line Commands
			Using Menus
			Using Line Commands
			Using Function Keys
		Working with SAS Windows
			Opening Windows
			Managing Windows
			Scrolling Windows
			Example: Scrolling Windows
			Changing Colors and Highlighting in Windows
			Finding and Changing Text
			Cutting, Pasting, and Storing Text
		Working with Text
			The SAS Text Editor
			Moving and Rearranging Text
			Displaying Columns and Line Numbers
			Making Text Uppercase and Lowercase
			Combining and Separating Text
		Working with Files
			Ways to Find a File
			Issuing File-Specific Commands
			Opening Files
			Assigning a File Shortcut
			Modifying an Existing File Shortcut
			Printing Files
		Working with SAS Programs
			Editor Window
			Output Window
			Log Window
			Using Other Editors
			Creating and Submitting a Program
			Storing a Program
			Debugging a Program
			Opening a Program
			Editing a Program
			Assigning a Program to a File Shortcut
		Working with Output
			Overview of Working with Output
			Setting Output Format
			Assigning a Default Viewer to a SAS Output Type
			Working with Output in the Results Window
			Working with Output Templates
			Printing Output
		Summary
			Statements
			Windows
			Commands
			Procedures
		Learning More
	Customizing the SAS Environment
		Introduction to Customizing the SAS Environment
			Purpose
			Prerequisites
			Operating Environment Differences
		Customizing Your Current Session
			Ways to Customize
			Customizing SAS Sessions and Programs at Start-up
			Customizing with SAS System Options
		Customizing Session-to-Session Settings
			Overview of Customizing Session-to-Session Settings
			Customizing SAS Sessions and Applications with the SAS RegistryEditor
			Customizing SAS Sessions with the Preferences Window
			Saving System Option Settings with the DMOPTSAVE and DMOPTLOADCommands
		Customizing the SAS Windowing Environment
			Customizing the Explorer Window
			Customizing an Editor
			Customizing Fonts
			Customizing Colors
			Setting SAS Windowing Environment Preferences
		Summary
			Commands
			Procedures
			Statements
			System Options
			Windows
		Learning More
Appendix
	Complete DATA Steps for Selected Examples
		Complete DATA Steps for Selected Examples
		The CITY Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the CITY Data Set
		The UNIVERSITY_TEST_SCORES Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the UNIVERSITY_TEST_SCORES Data Set
		The YEAR_SALES Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the YEAR_SALES Data Set
		The HIGHLOW Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the HIGHLOW Data Set
		The GRADES Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the GRADES Data Set
		The USCLIM Data Sets
			DATA Step to Create the USCLIM.HIGHTEMP Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the USCLIM.HURRICANE Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the USCLIM.LOWTEMP Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the USCLIM.TEMPCHNG Data Set
			Note about the USCLIM.BASETEMP and USCLIM.REPORT Catalogs
		The CLIMATE, PRECIP, and STORM Data Sets
			DATA Step to Create the CLIMATE.HIGHTEMP Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the CLIMATE.LOWTEMP Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the PRECIP.RAIN Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the PRECIP.SNOW Data Set
			DATA Step to Create the STORM.TORNADO Data Set
	DATA Step Debugger Commands
		Dictionary
			BREAK
			CALCULATE
			DELETE
			DESCRIBE
			ENTER
			EXAMINE
			GO
			HELP
			JUMP
			LIST
			QUIT
			SET
			STEP
			SWAP
			TRACE
			WATCH
Glossary
Index