Stem Cells (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1201)

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Potential Clinical Applications of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Stem Cells and Their Role in Tissue Development and Regeneration
	1.3 Therapeutic Application of Stem Cells Isolated from Adult Tissues
	1.4 The Search for Other Alternative Sources of PSCs for Potential Therapeutic Applications in Regenerative Medicine
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Genomic Instability of iPSCs and Challenges in Their Clinical Applications
	2.1 Background: Why We Need to Study Genomic Instability
	2.2 Genomic Aberrations in iPSCs
		2.2.1 Chromosomal Aberrations
		2.2.2 Copy Number Variations
		2.2.3 Point Mutations
			2.2.3.1 Preexisting Mutations
			2.2.3.2 Reprogramming-Induced Mutations
			2.2.3.3 Passage-Induced Mutations
	2.3 Effects of Mutations on the Phenotype of iPSCs
	2.4 Improved Reprogramming Methods to Reduce Genomic Instability
		2.4.1 Starting Cell Source
		2.4.2 Delivery of Reprogramming Factors
		2.4.3 Reprogramming Factors
		2.4.4 Alternative Reprogramming Method
		2.4.5 Culture Conditions
	2.5 Challenges in Clinical Applications
	References
Chapter 3: Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs)
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Developmental Origin of HSCs
	3.3 Phenotype of HSC: From YS to Adult BM
	3.4 Novel View on Possible Hierarchy of Stem Cell Compartment in Adult BM
	3.5 The Hematopoietic Niche and Retention of HSPCs in BM Microenvironment
	3.6 HSC Egress from BM into PB (Mobilization)
	3.7 Chemoattractants for HSC and Stem Cell Homing
	3.8 Markers and Strategies to Isolate HSC and HPC
		3.8.1 Markers of HSCs
		3.8.2 Strategies to Purify and Isolate HSCs
		3.8.3 Markers of HPCs
	3.9 Expansion of HSC
	3.10 Experimental Approaches to Identify and Study HSC
	3.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Neural Stem Cells
	4.1 Background
	4.2 Neural Stem Cell (NSC) Applications
		4.2.1 Stroke
		4.2.2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
		4.2.3 Cancer
	4.3 Future Directions
	References
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Immune-Mediated Diseases
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Immunological Properties of MSCs
		5.2.1 T-Cells
		5.2.2 B-Cells
		5.2.3 Natural Killer (NK) Cells
		5.2.4 Dendritic Cells
		5.2.5 Macrophages
		5.2.6 Mast Cells
		5.2.7 Neutrophils
		5.2.8 MSC Sources and Delivery
		5.2.9 Summary
	5.3 Inflammation-Induced Homing of MSCs
	5.4 MSC-Based Drug Delivery
	5.5 MSC Secretome
	5.6 MSCs: Cell Therapy for Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD)
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Stem Cells in the Mammalian Gonads
	6.1 Current Understanding of Stem Cells in Adult Gonads
	6.2 Why the Existing Disbelief in the Presence of VSELs in the Adult Tissues Including Gonads
	6.3 Testicular VSELs
		6.3.1 Integrating VSELs Along with SSCs During Spermatogenesis
	6.4 Ovarian VSELs
		6.4.1 Integrating VSELs/OSCs During Neogenesis and Primordial Follicle Assembly
	6.5 FSHR Expression on Testicular and Ovarian Stem Cells
		6.5.1 FSH Action and FSHR Expression Controversy in the Testes
		6.5.2 FSH Action and FSHR Expression Controversy in the Ovaries
	6.6 Differentiation of Stem Cells into Gametes In Vitro
	6.7 Testicular and Ovarian Stem Cells and Cancer
	6.8 Gonadal Stem Cells and Oncofertility
	6.9 Emerging Novel Paradigms
	References
Chapter 7: Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases
	7.1 Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract
	7.2 Intestinal Stem Cells: Plasticity and Regeneration in Gastrointestinal Tract
	7.3 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine in Gastroenterology
		7.3.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
		7.3.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
		7.3.3 Endothelial Stem Cells (ESCs)
	7.4 Circulating Stem and Progenitor Cells in Gastrointestinal Disease
		7.4.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Crohn’s Disease
		7.4.2 Gastric and Pancreatic Cancer
		7.4.3 Colon and Rectal Cancer
	7.5 The Emerging Role of Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Human Digestive Disease
	7.6 Host Stem Cell and Microbial Interactions as New Frontiers in Gastroenterology
	7.7 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 8: Stem Cells in Psychiatry
	8.1 Neurogenesis in Adult Brain
	8.2 Affective Disorders
	8.3 Schizophrenia
	8.4 Anxiety Disorders
	8.5 Alcohol Dependence
	8.6 Sterile Inflammation
	8.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 9: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Paracrine Effectors in Stem Cell-Based Therapies
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
	9.3 Regenerative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of EVs Derived from Stem/Progenitor Cells
		9.3.1 Renal Regeneration
		9.3.2 Neural Regeneration
		9.3.3 Cardiovascular Regeneration
		9.3.4 Hepatic Regeneration
		9.3.5 Regeneration of Cutaneous Tissue
		9.3.6 Skeletal Regeneration
		9.3.7 Lung Injury Protection
	9.4 Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Immunomodulatory Properties of MSCs
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Cellular Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: An Update
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Noncardiac Origin Cell Types
		10.2.1 Skeletal Myoblasts (SMs)
		10.2.2 Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (BMMNCs)
		10.2.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
		10.2.4 Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs)
	10.3 Cardiac-Derived Stem Cells (CSCs)
		10.3.1 Cardiac Stem Cells (CSCs)
		10.3.2 Cardiosphere-Derived Cells (CDCs)
	10.4 Directed Cell Reprogramming and Induced Proliferation to Generate New Cardiomyocytes
		10.4.1 Direct Cardiac Reprogramming of Fibroblast
		10.4.2 Stimulate Endogenous Proliferation of Cardiomyocytes
	10.5 Cell-Enhancement Approaches to Refine Current Therapy
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Vasculogenic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Human: Future Cell Therapy Product or Liquid Biopsy for Vascular Disease
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Endothelial Progenitor Cells Definition in Culture: Future Cell Therapy Product?
	11.3 ECFCs Stemness and Ontogeny of Endothelial Lineage in Human
	11.4 ECFC and Secretion of Extracellular Vesicles
		11.4.1 Microvesicles from ECFC
		11.4.2 Exosomes from ECFCs
	11.5 ECFC as a Liquid Biopsy to Understand Vascular Disease?
		11.5.1 ECFC in Lung Diseases
			11.5.1.1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
			11.5.1.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
			11.5.1.3 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
		11.5.2 ECFC in Haemostasis and Thrombosis
			11.5.2.1 von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
			11.5.2.2 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN)
			11.5.2.3 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT)
			11.5.2.4 Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Disease
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Epidermal Stem Cells
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Epidermal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
		12.2.1 Models of Epidermal Stem Cell Proliferation
		12.2.2 Models of Epidermal Stem Cell Differentiation
	12.3 Interfollicular Epidermis Stem Cells
		12.3.1 Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Interfollicular Stem Cell Maintenance, Proliferation, and Differentiation
	12.4 Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cells
		12.4.1 Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Hair Follicle Bulge Stem Cell Quiescence and Differentiation
	12.5 Sebaceous Gland Stem Cells
		12.5.1 Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Sebaceous Gland Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
	12.6 Epidermal Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration
	12.7 Conclusion
	Literature
Chapter 13: Stem Cells in Lungs
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Respiratory System Macroscopic Structure
		13.1.2 Airways and Lung Microscopic Structure
	13.2 Stem Cells of Respiratory System
		13.2.1 Diversity of Respiratory System Stem Cells
			13.2.1.1 Lung Endothelial Progenitor Cells
			13.2.1.2 Alveolar Type II Cells
			13.2.1.3 Alveolar Type I Cells
			13.2.1.4 Bronchoalveolar Stem Cells
			13.2.1.5 Club Cells
			13.2.1.6 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
		13.2.2 Endodermal Origin of the Lung and its Stem Cells
		13.2.3 Changes in Lung According to the Aging Processes
	References
Chapter 14: Targeting Purinergic Signaling and Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Cardiovascular System
	14.3 Multiple Sclerosis
	14.4 Parkinson’s Disease
	14.5 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
	14.6 Alzheimer Disease
	14.7 Epilepsy
	14.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Plausible Links Between Metabolic Networks, Stem Cells, and Longevity
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Stem Cell and Aging
		15.2.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells
		15.2.2 Neural Stem Cells
		15.2.3 Intestinal Epithelial Stem Cells
	15.3 Extended Longevity of Mice with GH Deficiency, Resistance, and Deletion of GH Receptor
		15.3.1 Snell Mice
		15.3.2 Ames Mice
		15.3.3 lit/lit Mice
		15.3.4 Ghr−/− Mice
		15.3.5 RasGRF1−/− and S6 K1-Deficient Mice
	15.4 Longevity of Mice with Disruption of Genes Affecting IGF-1 Signaling
		15.4.1 Igfr+/− Mice
		15.4.2 Papp-A−/− Mice
		15.4.3 Irs1−/− and Irs2−/− Mice
		15.4.4 Several Metabolic Pathways Related to Cellular Senescence and Aging
	15.5 Epigenetic Mechanisms of Longevity and Aging: Unexpected Role of Sirtuins
	15.6 Aging and Longevity from the Perspective of VSELs Residing in Adult Tissues
	15.7 In Search of Antiaging Modalities
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
Index