Stellar Polarimetry

Stellar Polarimetry......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
Part I History – Mathematics – Instruments – Observational Procedures – Polarigenic Mechanisms......Page 19
1.1 General History......Page 21
1.2 Early Astronomical Polarimetry......Page 32
1.3 The Dawning of Stellar Polarimetry......Page 34
1.4 The Discovery of Interstellar Polarization......Page 35
1.5 Intrinsic Polarization......Page 38
1.7 Polarization and Geometry......Page 40
1.8 Chirality and the Origin of Life......Page 42
1.9 Conclusion......Page 43
References......Page 45
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 51
2.2 The Ellipse Figure......Page 53
2.3 The Poincaré Sphere......Page 60
2.4 Conclusion......Page 62
References......Page 63
3.2 The Jones Calculus......Page 65
3.3 The Description of Scattering......Page 70
3.4 Poincaré Sphere......Page 73
References......Page 75
4.1 Introduction......Page 77
4.2 The Mueller Calculus......Page 81
4.3 Normalized Stokes Parameters......Page 83
4.4 The Practicality of Stokes Parameters......Page 84
4.5 Additivity Theorem for Small Polarizations......Page 86
4.6.2 Circular Polarization – Handedness......Page 89
4.7 Polarization Magnitudes......Page 93
References......Page 94
5.2 Basic Statistics......Page 97
5.3 The Statistics of p......Page 100
5.4 The Statistics of Position Angle......Page 104
5.5 Instrumental Correction......Page 106
5.6 Intrinsic/Interstellar Separation......Page 107
5.7.1 Polarization and Small Samples......Page 111
5.7.2 Detection of Polarizational Differences......Page 112
5.7.3 Data Assemblies......Page 113
5.7.4 Polarimetric Period Searches......Page 115
References......Page 116
6.1 Introduction......Page 119
6.2 Polarizers......Page 120
6.2.1 Dichroic Polarizers......Page 121
6.2.2 Birefringent Polarizers......Page 122
6.2.3 Reflection Polarizers......Page 127
6.3 Retarders......Page 128
6.3.1 Birefringent Retarders......Page 129
6.3.2 Reflection Retarders......Page 133
6.3.3 Tunable Wave Plates......Page 135
6.3.4 Axis Determination of Wave Plates......Page 136
6.4 Metallic Reflection......Page 137
6.5 Depolarizers......Page 138
6.6 Detectors......Page 139
6.7 Notes on Polarization and Related Observations......Page 141
References......Page 142
7.2 The Earth\'s Atmosphere......Page 145
7.2.2 Depolarization Effects......Page 146
7.2.4 Sky Background......Page 147
7.3 The Telescope Optics......Page 148
7.4 Optical Depolarization......Page 153
References......Page 155
8.1 Introduction......Page 157
8.2 Rotation of a Polarizer or Wave Plate......Page 159
8.3 Fixed Position Records......Page 164
8.4 Continuous Rotation Records......Page 167
8.5 Variable Phase Delay Modulators......Page 168
8.6 Simultaneous NSP Measurements......Page 169
8.7 Spatial Recording of the Polarimetric Modulation......Page 170
8.8 Spectropolarimetry......Page 172
8.9 Polarimetric Instruments......Page 174
8.10.1 Reference Frame......Page 179
8.10.2 Standard Stars......Page 181
8.10.3 Other Useful Catalogues......Page 185
References......Page 187
9.2.1 Zeeman Effect......Page 193
9.2.2 Hβ Magnetography......Page 198
9.2.3 Differential Saturation of Zeeman Components......Page 200
9.2.4 Zeeman–Doppler Imaging......Page 201
9.2.5 Resonance Radiation – The Hanle Effect......Page 203
9.2.6 Synchrotron Radiation......Page 206
9.3 Electron Scattering – A Simple Stellar Model......Page 208
References......Page 211
Part II The Interstellar Medium – Binary Stars – Early and Late Type Stars – Variable Stars......Page 213
10.2 Polarization Growth with Distance......Page 215
10.3.2 p/E(B-V)......Page 217
10.3.3 Relationship between p and R......Page 219
10.4 The p(λ) Curve......Page 221
10.5 Rotation of Position Angle......Page 225
10.6 Circular Polarization......Page 226
10.7 Origin and Alignment Mechanism......Page 228
10.8 DIBS......Page 231
10.9 Particle Types and Galactic Structure......Page 232
10.10 Stellar Clusters......Page 234
10.11 Simple Models......Page 236
10.12 Beyond the Galaxy......Page 243
References......Page 244
11.2 Eclipsing Binaries......Page 251
11.3 Close Binaries......Page 254
11.4 Binary Orbit Theory......Page 256
11.4.1 Data Analysis by a Geometric Method......Page 259
11.4.2 Analysis of Data by Fourier Methods......Page 261
11.5 AMHer Stars – Polars......Page 263
References to Binary Stars and Models......Page 267
References to AMHer Stars – Polars......Page 269
12.1 Introduction......Page 271
12.2 Magnetic and Ap Stars......Page 272
12.3 Helium Rich/Weak Stars......Page 281
12.4 White Dwarfs......Page 282
References to Magnetic and Ap Stars......Page 286
References to White Dwarfs......Page 288
13.1 Introduction......Page 291
13.2.1 Polarimetric Spectral Behaviour......Page 292
13.2.2 Temporal Variations......Page 299
13.3 Disc Orientations......Page 303
13.4 Be Star Models......Page 304
13.5 Herbig Ae/Be Stars......Page 311
13.6 Early-Type Supergiants......Page 314
13.7 Wolf–Rayet (WR) Stars......Page 317
13.8 Luminous Blue Variables......Page 320
References to Be Stars......Page 322
References to Disc Orientations......Page 324
References to Be Star Models......Page 325
References to Herbig Ae/Be Stars......Page 326
References to Wolf–Rayet (WR) Stars......Page 327
References to Luminous Blue Variables......Page 328
14.1 Introduction and Surveys......Page 329
14.2 Late-Type Supergiants......Page 331
14.3 Mira Variables......Page 333
14.4 AGB and RCorBor Stars......Page 336
14.5 Symbiotic Stars......Page 339
14.7 FK Comae Stars......Page 343
14.8 Infrared Stars......Page 344
14.8.1 Molecular Clouds......Page 346
14.9 Red dwarfs/BY Dra Stars......Page 347
14.10 Non-Extreme Late-Type Stars......Page 348
References to Introduction and Surveys......Page 349
References to Late-Type Supergiants......Page 350
References to Mira Variables......Page 351
References to Symbiotic Stars......Page 352
References to Infrared Stars/Molecular Clouds......Page 353
References to Non-Extreme Late-Type Stars......Page 354
15.1 Introduction......Page 355
15.2 X-Ray Sources......Page 356
15.2.1 SS433......Page 358
15.3 TTauri Stars......Page 359
15.4 Solar-Type Stars......Page 362
15.5 RSCan Ven (CVn) Stars......Page 364
15.6 RVTauri Stars......Page 367
15.7 Pulsating Stars......Page 368
15.8 Novae......Page 369
15.10 Pulsars......Page 372
15.11 Stars within Nebulosities and Stellar Discs......Page 373
15.12 Gravitational Lensing......Page 374
15.13 Extra-Solar Planets......Page 375
References to X-Ray Sources......Page 376
References to Solar Type Stars......Page 378
References to RVTauri Stars......Page 379
References to Novae and Supernovae......Page 380
References to Stars With Discs......Page 381
References to Extra-Solar Planets......Page 382
A.2 Optical Interfaces......Page 385
A.2.1 Reflection at a Denser Medium......Page 386
A.3 Reflection at a Dense- to Less-Dense Medium......Page 393
A.4 Metallic Reflection......Page 398
A.5 Handedness Calibration......Page 400
References......Page 402
Appendix B Papers of the AJ Series......Page 405
Appendix C Reference Abbreviations......Page 409
Acknowledgements......Page 413
Author Index......Page 415
Cited Stars/Objects......Page 425
General Index......Page 431