Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures: Assessment and Repair of Corrosion, Third Edition

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
	Reference
Chapter 2 Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Corrosion Process
	2.3 Black Corrosion
	2.4 Pit Formation
	2.5 Bacterial Corrosion
	2.6 Corrosion Rate
	2.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Causes of Corrosion and Concrete Deterioration
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Carbonation
	3.3 Spreading of Carbonation inside Concrete
		3.3.1 Parrott’s Determination of Carbonation Rates from Permeability
	3.4 Chloride Attack
	3.5 Chloride Movement inside Concrete
	3.6 Corrosion Rates
		3.6.1 Statistical Analysis of Initiation of Corrosion and Corrosion Rate
	3.7 Effect of Age on Concrete Strength
		3.7.1 Statistical Analysis of Longtime Concrete Strength
		3.7.2 Code Recommendations
		3.7.3 Available Statistical Parameters for Concrete Strength Considering Age
	3.8 Effect of Corrosion on Spalling of Concrete Cover
	3.9 Bond Strength between Concrete and Corroded Steel Bars
	3.10 Influence of Steel Bar Corrosion on the Shear Strength
	References
Chapter 4 Assessment Methods for Reinforced Concrete Structures
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Preliminary Inspection
	4.3 Detailed Inspection
	4.4 Methods of Structure Assessment
		4.4.1 Visual Inspection
			4.4.1.1 Plastic Shrinkage
			4.4.1.2 Settlement Crack
			4.4.1.3 Shrinkage from Drying
			4.4.1.4 Thermal Stresses
			4.4.1.5 Chemical Reaction
		4.4.2 Concrete Test Data
			4.4.2.1 Core Test
			4.4.2.2 Rebound Hammer
			4.4.2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
			4.4.2.4 Load Test for Concrete Members
			4.4.2.5 Comparison between Different Tests
		4.4.3 Sources of Concrete Failure
		4.4.4 Example for Structure Evaluation
		4.4.5 Example for Structure Assessment
	4.5 Test Methods for Corroded Steel in Concrete
		4.5.1 Manual Method
		4.5.2 Concrete Cover Measurements
		4.5.3 Half-Cell Potential Measurements
		4.5.4 Electrical Resistivity Measurements
		4.5.5 Measurement of Carbonation Depth
		4.5.6 Chloride Tests
	4.6 Building Assessment
	4.7 Predicting Materials Properties
	4.8 Assessment Calculation
	References
Chapter 5 Codes and Specification Guides
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Allowable Chloride Content in Concrete
	5.3 Concrete Cover Specifications
		5.3.1 British Standards
		5.3.2 American Codes
		5.3.3 European Code
		5.3.4 Specifications for Structures Exposed to Very Severe Conditions
		5.3.5 Egyptian Code
		5.3.6 Executing Concrete Cover
	5.4 Maximum Crack Width
		5.4.1 Recommended Reinforcement Details of Crack Control
	5.5 Design Precautions in Case of Carbonation
	5.6 Design Precautions for Chloride Effects
		5.6.1 Effect of the Diffusion Factor on Chloride Permeability
		5.6.2 Effect of Chloride Concentration on Surface
		5.6.3 Effective Chloride Concentration
		5.6.4 Calculating Structure Lifetime
		5.6.5 General Design Considerations
	References
Chapter 6 Controlling Corrosion in Steel Bars
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Carbonation Process Control
		6.2.1 Effect of Environmental Conditions
		6.2.2 Components of Concrete Mix
		6.2.3 Curing
	6.3 Chloride Control
		6.3.1 Weather Factors Affecting Corrosion
		6.3.2 Composition of Concrete Mix
		6.3.3 Curing for Chloride Attack
		6.3.4 Execution of Curing
			6.3.4.1 Curing Process in ACI
			6.3.4.2 British Standard for Curing
	6.4 Protecting Special Structures
	References
Chapter 7 Methods for Protecting Steel Reinforcements
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Corrosion Inhibitors
		7.2.1 Anodic Inhibitors
		7.2.2 Cathodic Inhibitors
	7.3 Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcement
	7.4 Galvanized Steel Bars
	7.5 Stainless Steel
	7.6 Fiber Reinforcement Bars
	7.7 Protecting the Concrete Surface
		7.7.1 Sealers and Membranes
			7.7.1.1 Coating and Sealing
			7.7.1.2 Pore Lining
			7.7.1.3 Pore Blocking
		7.7.2 Cathodic Protection by Surface Painting
	7.8 Cathodic Protection System
		7.8.1 Cathodic Protection
		7.8.2 Cathodic Protection Components and Design Consideration
			7.8.2.1 Source of Impressed Current
			7.8.2.2 Anode System
			7.8.2.3 Conductive Layer
			7.8.2.4 Precautions in Designing the Anode
			7.8.2.5 Follow-Up Precaution
		7.8.3 Comparison between Cathodic Protection and Other Types of Protection
		7.8.4 Cathodic Protection for Prestressed Concrete
		7.8.5 Bond Strength in Cathodic Protection
	7.9 Concrete with Silica Fume
	References
Chapter 8 Repair of Reinforced Concrete Structures
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Main Steps to Executing Repair
		8.2.1 Structure Strengthening
		8.2.2 Removing Concrete Cracks
			8.2.2.1 Manual Method
			8.2.2.2 Pneumatic Hammer Methods
		8.2.3 Water Jet
		8.2.4 Grinding Machine
	8.3 Clean Concrete Surfaces and Steel Reinforcements
		8.3.1 Concrete
		8.3.2 Clean Steel Reinforcement Bars
	8.4 New Patch Concrete
		8.4.1 Polymer Mortar
		8.4.2 Cement Mortar
	8.5 Execution Methods
		8.5.1 Manual Method
		8.5.2 Grouted Preplaced Aggregate
		8.5.3 Shotcrete
	8.6 Repair Steps
	8.7 New Methods for Strengthening Concrete Structures
	8.8 Using Steel Sections
	8.9 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
		8.9.1 CFRP
		8.9.2 Application On-Site
	8.10 Epoxy for Repair
	8.11 General Precautions
	8.12 Repair Design
	References
Chapter 9 Concrete Structure Integrity Management
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Basic Rules of Cost Calculation
		9.2.1 Present Value Method
		9.2.2 Repair Time
		9.2.3 Capacity Loss in Reinforced Concrete Sections
	9.3 Example
		9.3.1 Required Time to Start of Corrosion
		9.3.2 Time Required to Start of Deterioration
		9.3.3 Cost Analysis for Different Protection Methods
	9.4 Repair and Inspection Strategy and Optimization
		9.4.1 Repair
		9.4.2 Expected Total Cost
		9.4.3 Optimization Strategy
	9.5 Maintenance Plan
		9.5.1 Assessment Process
		9.5.2 Risk-Based Inspection Maintenance Plan
	References
Index