Steel Designers Manual

Contents List......Page 3
Introduction to sixth edition......Page 11
Contributors......Page 15
Notation......Page 25
1.1 Range of building types......Page 31
1.2.1 Cladding......Page 32
1.2.2 Secondary elements......Page 34
1.2.3 Primary frames......Page 35
1.2.4 Resistance to sway forces......Page 37
1.3.1 External gravity loads......Page 38
1.3.2 Wind loads......Page 39
1.3.4 Cranes......Page 41
1.3.5 Notional horizontal forces......Page 42
1.4.1 In-plane stability......Page 43
1.4.2 Beam and column......Page 46
1.4.3 Truss and stanchion......Page 48
1.4.4 Portal frames......Page 54
1.4.6 Stressed-skin design......Page 59
1.4.7 Purlins and siderails......Page 61
1.4.8 Cladding......Page 64
References to Chapter 1......Page 70
2.1.1 The advantages of steel......Page 73
2.1.2 Design aims......Page 74
2.1.3 Influences on overall design concept......Page 75
2.2 Factors influencing choice of form......Page 77
2.3.1 Columns......Page 89
2.3.2 Beams......Page 90
2.3.3 Floors......Page 97
2.3.4 Bracings......Page 102
References to Chapter 2......Page 107
Worked example......Page 108
3.1.2 Power station structures......Page 125
3.1.3 Process plant steelwork......Page 128
3.1.4 Conveyors, handling and stacking plants......Page 130
3.1.5 General design requirements......Page 131
3.2.1 Gravity load paths......Page 132
3.2.2 Sway load paths......Page 134
3.2.3 Floors......Page 136
3.2.4 Main and secondary beams......Page 139
3.2.5 Columns......Page 140
3.2.6 Connections......Page 141
3.2.7 Bracing, stiff walls or cores......Page 143
3.3.1 General......Page 145
3.3.2 Process plant and equipment......Page 146
3.3.3 Lateral loadings from plant......Page 149
3.3.4 Wind loadings......Page 150
3.3.5 Blast loadings......Page 151
3.3.6 Thermal effects......Page 152
References to Chapter 3......Page 153
4.1 Introduction......Page 155
4.2 Selection of span......Page 157
4.3 Selection of type......Page 158
4.3.1 Suspension bridges......Page 159
4.3.3 Arch bridges......Page 162
4.3.4 Portal frame bridges......Page 164
4.3.6 Girder type......Page 165
4.4 Codes of practice......Page 174
4.5.2 Railway bridges......Page 175
4.7 Steel grades......Page 176
4.8 Overall stability and articulation......Page 177
4.9.3 Highway bridges – composite deck construction......Page 179
References to Chapter 4......Page 195
Worked example......Page 197
5.1.2 Structural types......Page 201
5.1.3 Environmental loading......Page 203
5.1.5 Serviceability......Page 206
5.1.6 Masts and towers in building structures......Page 207
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 208
5.2.2 Structural types......Page 211
5.2.3 Special features......Page 214
5.2.4 Analysis......Page 215
5.3.1 Range of applications......Page 218
5.3.2 Special features......Page 224
5.3.3 Detailing and construction......Page 228
5.4.1 Introduction to light steel construction......Page 229
5.4.2 Methods of construction......Page 231
5.4.3 ‘Stick-build’ construction......Page 232
5.4.4 Panel construction......Page 233
5.4.5 Modular construction......Page 234
5.5.1 General......Page 236
5.5.2 Structural aspects......Page 238
5.5.3 Fire engineering......Page 246
5.5.4 Environmental engineering......Page 250
References to Chapter 5......Page 251
6.1 Introduction......Page 255
6.2.1 General......Page 256
6.2.2 Added elements......Page 257
6.2.3 Non-metallic inclusions......Page 258
6.3.1 Effect on microstructure and grain size......Page 259
6.3.2 Heat treatment in practice......Page 263
6.4.1 Steelmaking......Page 266
6.4.2 Casting and forging......Page 267
6.4.3 Rolling......Page 268
6.4.4 Defects......Page 269
6.5 Engineering properties and mechanical tests......Page 270
6.6.1 Cutting, drilling, forming and drawing......Page 272
6.6.2 Welding......Page 273
6.7.1 Criteria influencing choice of steel......Page 278
6.7.2 Steel specifications and choice of grade......Page 279
7.1.2 Ductile and brittle behaviour......Page 281
7.2 Linear elastic fracture mechanics......Page 285
7.3 Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics......Page 288
7.4.1 Charpy test......Page 290
7.4.2 Fracture mechanics testing......Page 291
7.5 Fracture-safe design......Page 293
7.6.1 Introduction......Page 294
7.6.3 The nature of fatigue......Page 295
7.6.4 S–N curves......Page 296
7.6.5 Variable-amplitude loading......Page 299
7.6.6 Strain–life......Page 300
7.6.7 Fracture mechanics analysis......Page 301
7.6.8 Improvement techniques......Page 304
7.6.9 Fatigue-resistant design......Page 305
References to Chapter 7......Page 306
8.2 Economic impacts......Page 309
8.4.1 Effective protection of the environment......Page 310
8.5 Embodied energy......Page 311
8.5.3 Recycling......Page 312
8.5.5 Non-residential buildings and embodied energy......Page 313
8.6.1 Housing and operational energy......Page 315
8.6.2 Commercial buildings and operational energy......Page 316
References to Chapter 8......Page 318
9.1 Introduction......Page 321
9.2 Element analysis......Page 322
9.3 Line elements......Page 323
9.3.1 Elastic analysis of line elements under axial loading......Page 324
9.3.2 Elastic analysis of line elements in pure bending......Page 325
9.3.3 Elastic analysis of line elements subject to shear......Page 327
9.3.5 Bending of beams beyond the elastic limit......Page 329
9.3.7 Effect of axial load and shear......Page 334
9.3.8 Plastic analysis of beams subjected to shear......Page 335
9.3.9 Plastic analysis for more than one condition of loading......Page 336
9.4 Plates......Page 337
9.5 Analysis of skeletal structures......Page 338
9.5.1 Stiffness and flexibility......Page 340
9.5.2 Introduction to statically indeterminate skeletal structures......Page 343
9.5.3 The area moment method......Page 345
9.5.4 The slope–deflection method......Page 346
9.5.5 The moment-distribution method......Page 347
9.5.6 Unit load method......Page 348
9.6 Finite element method......Page 351
9.6.1 Finite element procedure......Page 352
9.6.2 Idealization of the structure......Page 353
9.6.3 Procedure for evaluating membrane element stiffness......Page 354
9.6.4 Procedure for evaluating plate bending......Page 357
References to Chapter 9......Page 359
10.2 Propped cantilevers......Page 361
10.2.1 Solution by the Theorem of Three Moments......Page 362
10.3 Fixed, built-in or encastré beams......Page 363
10.3.1 Beams with supports at the same level......Page 364
10.3.2 Beams with supports at different levels......Page 366
10.4 Continuous beams......Page 368
10.5 Plastic failure of single members......Page 371
10.6 Plastic failure of propped cantilevers......Page 375
11.1.1 General......Page 379
11.1.2 Arrangement of formulae......Page 381
11.1.4 Checking calculations for indeterminate frames......Page 382
11.2 Portal frame analysis......Page 383
11.2.1 Methods of analysis......Page 384
11.2.2 Stability......Page 385
11.2.3 Selecting suitable members for a trial design......Page 386
11.2.4 Worked example of plastic design......Page 388
References to Chapter 11......Page 389
12.1 Introduction......Page 391
12.2.1 Dynamic equilibrium......Page 392
12.2.2 Undamped free vibration......Page 393
12.2.3 Damped free vibration......Page 394
12.2.4 Response to harmonic loads......Page 395
12.2.6 Response to base motion......Page 397
12.3.1 Dynamic equilibrium......Page 398
12.3.2 Modes of vibration......Page 399
12.3.3 Calculation of responses......Page 401
12.3.4 Approximate methods to determine natural frequency......Page 402
12.4 Damping......Page 404
12.5.1 Basis of the method......Page 405
12.5.2 Modelling techniques......Page 407
References to Chapter 12......Page 408
13.1 Introduction......Page 411
13.2 Cross-sectional dimensions and moment–rotation behaviour......Page 413
13.3 Effect of moment–rotation behaviour on approach to design and analysis......Page 418
13.5 Economic factors......Page 419
References to Chapter 13......Page 420
14.2 Types of tension member......Page 421
14.3.1 BS 5950: Part 1......Page 422
14.3.2 BS 5400: Part 3......Page 425
14.4 Combined bending and tension......Page 426
14.4.1 BS 5950: Part 1......Page 427
14.4.2 BS 5400: Part 3......Page 429
14.5.2 BS 5400: Part 3......Page 430
14.6.1 Serviceability, fatigue and corrosion......Page 431
14.6.3 Fabrication and erection......Page 432
14.7.2 Application......Page 433
14.7.5 Corrosion protection......Page 434
14.7.8 Protection against accidents......Page 435
Worked examples......Page 439
15.2 Common types of member......Page 441
15.3 Design considerations......Page 442
15.4 Cross-sectional considerations......Page 443
15.4.1 Columns with slender webs......Page 445
15.5 Compressive resistance......Page 448
15.6 Torsional and flexural-torsional buckling......Page 450
15.7 Effective lengths......Page 451
15.8 Special types of strut......Page 459
15.8.1 Design of compound struts......Page 460
15.9 Economic points......Page 462
Worked examples......Page 463
16.1 Common types of beam......Page 471
16.2 Cross-section classification and moment capacity, Mc......Page 473
16.3.1 Moment capacity, Mc......Page 476
16.3.3 Deflection......Page 477
16.3.4 Torsion......Page 479
16.3.5 Local effects on webs......Page 480
16.3.6 Lateral – torsional buckling......Page 482
16.3.7 Fully restrained beams......Page 485
16.4 Lateral bracing......Page 488
16.5 Bracing action in bridges – U-frame design......Page 489
16.6 Design for restricted depth......Page 492
16.7 Cold-formed sections as beams......Page 494
16.8 Beams with web openings......Page 497
References to Chapter 16......Page 500
Worked examples......Page 502
17.2 Advantages and disadvantages......Page 511
17.3.2 Recommended plate thickness and proportions......Page 512
17.3.3 Stiffeners......Page 513
17.4.2 Dimensions of webs and flanges......Page 514
17.4.3 Moment resistance......Page 515
17.4.4 Shear resistance......Page 516
17.4.6 End panels and end anchorage......Page 519
17.4.7 Web stiffeners......Page 522
17.5.2 Span-to-depth ratios......Page 524
17.5.4 Initial sizing of the web......Page 525
17.6.2 Design of beams at the ultimate limit state......Page 526
17.6.4 Fatigue......Page 535
References to Chapter 17......Page 536
Worked examples......Page 538
18.1 Occurrence of combined loading......Page 553
18.2 Types of response – interaction......Page 555
18.3 Effect of moment gradient loading......Page 560
18.4 Selection of type of cross-section......Page 564
18.5 Basic design procedure......Page 565
18.7.1 Design requirements......Page 567
18.7.2 Column stability......Page 569
18.7.3 Rafter stability......Page 572
18.7.4 Bracing......Page 573
References to Chapter 18......Page 574
Worked examples......Page 575
19.1.1 Buildings......Page 583
19.1.2 Bridges......Page 585
19.2.1 Buildings......Page 587
19.2.2 Bridges......Page 588
19.4.1 Elements......Page 589
19.4.2 Connections......Page 591
19.5 Guidance on methods of analysis......Page 592
19.6.1 Design loads......Page 594
19.6.2 Effective length of compression members......Page 595
19.7 Factors dictating the economy of trusses......Page 596
19.8 Other applications of trusses......Page 597
19.9.2 Analysis......Page 599
19.9.3 Connections......Page 600
Worked examples......Page 602
20.1.1 Form of construction......Page 619
20.2 Deck types......Page 620
20.4 Selection of floor system......Page 622
20.5.1 Construction condition......Page 623
20.5.2 Bending resistance of stiffened profiles......Page 624
20.5.3 Composite condition......Page 625
20.5.4 Requirements of BS 5950......Page 628
20.5.6 Serviceability......Page 630
20.6.1 Fire tests......Page 632
20.7 Diaphragm action......Page 633
20.8 Other constructional features......Page 634
References to Chapter 20......Page 635
Worked example......Page 636
21.2 Economy......Page 643
21.3 Guidance on span-to-depth ratios......Page 645
21.5 Span conditions......Page 647
21.6.1 Elastic analysis......Page 648
21.6.2 Plastic analysis......Page 650
21.6.3 Continuous beams......Page 651
21.7.1 Effective breadths......Page 654
21.7.3 Shear connection......Page 655
21.7.4 Partial shear connection......Page 660
21.7.5 Influence of deck shape on shear connection......Page 662
21.7.6 Longitudinal shear transfer......Page 664
21.7.7 Interaction of shear and moment in composite beams......Page 665
21.7.8 Deflections......Page 666
21.7.10 Shrinkage, cracking and temperature......Page 668
References to Chapter 21......Page 669
Worked examples......Page 671
22.1.2 Advantages of composite columns......Page 693
22.1.3 Principles of design......Page 694
22.2.1 Axial load resistance......Page 696
22.2.2 Combined axial load and bending moments......Page 698
22.3.1 Axial load resistance......Page 700
22.3.3 Fire-resistant design......Page 701
References to Chapter 22......Page 702
Worked example......Page 704
23.1.2 Preloaded high-strength friction-grip bolts......Page 713
23.3.1 Hole sizes......Page 715
23.3.2 Spacing of fasteners, end and edge distances......Page 716
23.4.2 Bolt groups loaded in shear......Page 718
23.5.2 Shear......Page 722
23.5.5 Combined shear and tension......Page 723
23.5.6 Long joints, large grips and packing......Page 724
23.6.2 Bolt capacities......Page 725
References to Chapter 23......Page 726
24.1.1 Aesthetics and freedom of design......Page 727
24.2 Ensuring weld quality and properties by the use of standards......Page 728
24.2.1 Standards – joint type, weld type, welding symbols, and edge preparation......Page 729
24.2.2 Standards – steel grade, steel selection......Page 730
24.2.3 Substitutions – thickness, yield strength, impact toughness, weldability, quality......Page 731
24.2.5 Welding standards – welding consumables......Page 732
24.2.7 Standards – welder approval......Page 733
24.3.1 Overall principles......Page 734
24.3.2 Fillet welds......Page 736
24.3.3 Butt welds......Page 737
24.3.5 Summary of recommendations......Page 738
24.4.2 Manual metal arc (MMA) welding......Page 739
24.4.3 MIG/MAG welding......Page 740
24.4.4 Cored wire welding......Page 741
24.4.5 Submerged arc welding......Page 742
24.4.7 Weld quality......Page 743
24.5.1 Effective throats......Page 744
24.5.2 Effective lengths......Page 745
24.6.2 Weld groups loaded in shear......Page 746
24.7.1 General......Page 748
24.7.2 Strength......Page 750
References to Chapter 24......Page 751
25.1 Dispersion of load through plates and flanges......Page 753
25.2.1 General......Page 755
25.2.4 Local bearing......Page 756
25.2.5 Bracket stiffeners......Page 757
25.3 Prying forces......Page 758
25.4.1 Deductions for holes......Page 759
25.4.2 Gusset plates......Page 760
25.4.3 Notched beams......Page 761
References to Chapter 25......Page 762
26.1 Introduction......Page 763
26.1.1 Design principles......Page 765
26.1.2 Classification of connections......Page 766
26.1.3 Definitions......Page 767
26.2.1 Design philosophy......Page 770
26.2.4 Beam-to-column connections......Page 771
26.2.5 Beam-to-beam connections......Page 780
26.2.6 Column splices......Page 789
26.3.1 Introduction......Page 795
26.3.2 Design philosophy......Page 798
References to Chapter 26......Page 809
Worked examples......Page 811
27.1.1 Types of foundation......Page 859
27.1.2 Design of foundations......Page 861
27.1.3 Sub-soil bearing pressure......Page 863
27.2.2 Baseplate design......Page 865
27.3.1 Bolt forces......Page 870
27.3.2 Bolt anchorage......Page 873
27.4.1 Holding-down bolts......Page 875
27.4.3 Bedding......Page 876
Worked examples......Page 878
28.1.1 Movement......Page 885
28.2.1 Criteria for design and selection......Page 886
28.2.2 Types of bearing......Page 892
28.2.3 Use of bearings......Page 896
28.2.4 Assemblies of bearings......Page 899
28.3.2 Basic criteria......Page 903
References to Chapter 28......Page 909
29.1.1 Uses......Page 911
29.1.2 Types of pile......Page 912
29.1.3 Design......Page 916
29.1.4 Installation......Page 925
29.2.1 Uses......Page 929
29.2.3 Types of piles......Page 930
29.2.4 Design......Page 931
29.3.1 Steel pile installation tolerances......Page 942
29.3.2 Environmental factors: noise and vibration prediction......Page 943
29.4.2 Corrosion and protection of steel piles......Page 945
29.4.4 Corrosion and structural forces......Page 946
References to Chapter 29......Page 947
30.1.1 Design of plates simply supported on four edges......Page 951
30.1.2 Design of plates fixed on four edges......Page 954
30.1.3 Design criteria......Page 955
30.3 Orthotropic decks......Page 958
References to Chapter 30......Page 960
31.1.1 Why set tolerances?......Page 963
31.2.1 Relevant documents......Page 965
31.2.6 BS 5606 Guide to accuracy in building......Page 966
31.3.1 Member sizes......Page 967
31.3.3 Building envelope......Page 968
31.4.2 Relation to erection tolerances......Page 969
31.4.3 Full contact bearing......Page 970
31.4.5 Lap joints......Page 974
31.5.2 Erection – positional tolerance......Page 975
31.5.3 Erection – fixing bolts......Page 983
31.5.5 Erection – external envelope......Page 985
31.5.6 Shimming full contact bearing splices......Page 986
31.5.7 Values for erection tolerances......Page 992
32.2 Economy of fabrication......Page 995
32.2.1 Fabrication as a cost consideration......Page 996
32.2.2 Design for production......Page 999
32.4 Bolting......Page 1002
32.4.2 Types of bolt......Page 1003
32.4.3 Hole forming......Page 1004
32.5.1 Cutting and shaping techniques......Page 1005
32.5.2 Surface preparation......Page 1008
32.5.3 Cambering, straightening and bending......Page 1009
32.6 Handling and routeing of steel......Page 1010
32.6.1 Lifting equipment in fabrication workshops......Page 1011
32.6.3 Handling aids......Page 1013
32.7 Quality management......Page 1014
32.7.2 Inspection......Page 1015
32.7.4 Corrective action......Page 1016
33.1 Introduction......Page 1019
33.2 The method statement......Page 1020
33.3.1 Design information......Page 1021
33.3.3 Delivery and off-loading of steelwork......Page 1022
33.3.4 Sub-assemblies on site......Page 1023
33.3.6 Surveying and aligning the structure......Page 1024
33.4.2 Lining, levelling and plumbing......Page 1025
33.4.5 Site bolting......Page 1029
33.5 Site fabrication and modifications......Page 1031
33.6.1 Introduction......Page 1033
33.7.1 Introduction......Page 1034
33.7.2 Non-conformance procedures......Page 1035
33.8.1 Introduction......Page 1036
33.8.2 Types of crane......Page 1037
33.8.3 Other solutions......Page 1042
33.8.5 The safe use of cranes......Page 1045
33.8.6 Slinging and lifting......Page 1047
33.9.1 The safety of the workforce......Page 1049
33.9.2 Risk assessment......Page 1051
33.9.5 The safety of the structure......Page 1054
33.9.6 Temporary supports and temporary conditions......Page 1057
References to Chapter 33......Page 1059
34.2.1 Building regulations......Page 1061
34.2.2 BS 5950: Part 8......Page 1062
34.3.1 Strength of steel at elevated temperatures......Page 1064
34.3.2 Performance of beams......Page 1065
34.3.4 Fire resistance without protection......Page 1066
34.3.5 Performance of composite slabs......Page 1067
34.3.6 Eurocodes......Page 1068
34.4 Developments in fire-safe design......Page 1070
34.5.1 Spray-applied protection......Page 1071
34.5.4 Pre-delivery protection......Page 1072
34.6 Fire testing......Page 1073
34.7 Fire engineering......Page 1075
References to Chapter 34......Page 1076
35.1.2 General corrosion......Page 1079
35.1.4 Corrosion rates......Page 1081
35.2 Effect of the environment......Page 1082
35.3 Design and corrosion......Page 1083
35.4 Surface preparation......Page 1084
35.5.1 Hot-dip galvanizing......Page 1086
35.5.2 Thermal (metal) spray coatings......Page 1087
35.6.1 Composition of paints and film formation......Page 1088
35.6.3 Painting systems......Page 1089
35.6.5 Prefabrication primers (also referred to as blast primers, shop-primers, weldable primers, temporary primers, holding primers, etc.)......Page 1090
35.7.2 Conditions for application......Page 1093
35.8.1 Formation of the protective oxide layer......Page 1094
35.8.4 Painting of weather-resistant steels......Page 1095
35.9.1 Factors affecting choice......Page 1096
35.9.2 Writing the specification......Page 1097
35.9.4 Environmental protection......Page 1098
36.1 The Eurocodes – background and timescales......Page 1103
36.2 Conformity with EN 1990 – basis of design (EC O)......Page 1104
36.3.2 Contents......Page 1105
36.3.3 Design rules......Page 1107
36.3.4 Supporting standards......Page 1110
36.4.1 Scope and contents......Page 1111
36.4.2 Design rules......Page 1112
36.5 Implications of the Eurocodes for practice in the UK......Page 1117
36.6 Conclusions......Page 1118
Elastic properties of steel......Page 1119
European standards for structural steels......Page 1120
Bending moment, shear and deflection tables......Page 1126
Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams......Page 1151
Influence lines for continuous beams......Page 1154
Second moments of area......Page 1165
Geometrical properties of plane sections......Page 1173
Plastic moduli......Page 1176
Formulae for rigid frames......Page 1179
1.3 Property units......Page 1197
2.2 Ratios for local buckling......Page 1198
2.3.3 Parallel flange channels......Page 1199
3.2.3 Elastic modulus (Z)......Page 1200
3.2.4 Buckling parameter (u) and torsional index (x)......Page 1201
3.2.5 Warping constant (H) and torsion constant (J)......Page 1202
3.2.6 Plastic modulus (S)......Page 1203
3.2.7 Equivalent slenderness coefficient (fa) and monosymmetry index (ya)......Page 1206
3.3.2 Torsion constant (J)......Page 1207
3.3.4 Plastic modulus of hollow sections (S)......Page 1208
4.1 Bolt capacities......Page 1209
4.2 Welds......Page 1211
References to explanatory notes......Page 1212
Universal beams......Page 1215
Universal columns......Page 1221
Joists......Page 1224
Universal bearing piles......Page 1227
Hot-finished hollow sections......Page 1230
Cold-formed hollow sections......Page 1236
Asymmetric beams......Page 1244
Parallel flange channels......Page 1246
Two parallel flange channels......Page 1250
Equal angles......Page 1252
Unequal angles......Page 1253
Equal angles back to back......Page 1255
Unequal angles back to back......Page 1256
Castellated universal beams......Page 1257
Structural tees cut from universal beams......Page 1263
Structural tees cut from universal columns......Page 1267
Extracts from BS 5950: Part 1:2000......Page 1269
Bolt data......Page 1284
Bolt capacities......Page 1290
Bolt and weld groups......Page 1308
Sheet pile sections......Page 1322
Floor plate design tables......Page 1328
Fire information sheets......Page 1330
Section factors......Page 1350
Minimum thickness of spray protection......Page 1355
Basic data on corrosion......Page 1356
British and European standards covering the design and construction of steelwork......Page 1359