Steam Generators: Description and Design

Cover\r......Page 1
Contents\r......Page 11
Classification According to the Employed Fuel......Page 14
Classification Based on Heat Transfer......Page 17
Classification According to Circulation......Page 18
Classification According to Water Content......Page 22
Classification According to Furnace Pressure......Page 23
Convection Generators......Page 26
Radiation Generators......Page 30
Waste-Heat Generators......Page 38
Furnace......Page 42
Radiated Tube Wall......Page 46
Drum......Page 54
Steam-Generating Tube Bank......Page 60
Tube Bending......Page 64
Tube Expanding......Page 69
Superheater and Reheater......Page 74
Economizer......Page 83
Air Heater......Page 88
The Danger of Tube Bursting......Page 92
Boiler Settings......Page 94
Construction Characteristics......Page 99
Running Characteristics......Page 106
Rationalization Criteria for Construction......Page 109
Employed Fluids......Page 114
Constructive and Functional Characteristics......Page 115
Advantages and Disadvantages in Comparison with Water-Tube Boilers......Page 119
Solid Fuels......Page 122
Liquid Fuels......Page 127
Gaseous Fuels......Page 135
Burners......Page 139
Flame Characteristics......Page 147
Grates......Page 153
Combustion Chemistry......Page 155
Combustion Air......Page 157
Flue Gas......Page 161
\"026A30C CO2 \"026A30C  and Unburned CO......Page 167
Test of the Air Index During Runtime......Page 172
Density......Page 181
Specific Isobaric Heat......Page 182
Enthalpy......Page 187
Thermal Conductivity......Page 189
Dynamic Viscosity......Page 193
General Considerations......Page 197
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 198
Mean Logarithmic Temperature Difference......Page 204
Heat Transfer in the Furnace of Water-Tube Generators and Diathermic Fluid Boilers......Page 208
Heat Transfer Coefficient of Water and Steam......Page 227
Heat Transfer Coefficient of Flue Gas and Air Inside the Tubes......Page 235
Heat Transfer in the Flue of the Smoke-Tube Boilers......Page 238
Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Flue Gas and Air Hitting a Tube Bank......Page 245
Heat Radiation from Flue Gas......Page 251
Heat Transfer Coefficient of Diathermic Fluids......Page 260
Heat Transfer in Economizers and Air Heaters......Page 262
Exit Gas Temperature from a Tube Bank or a Heat Regenerator......Page 265
Comparison Between Arrangement with Inlineand Staggered Tubes......Page 273
Tube Distribution in the Passages of the Smoke-Tube Boiler......Page 275
Efficiency Definition......Page 279
Heat Loss by Unburned Fuel......Page 286
Heat Loss by Unburned Carbon Monoxide......Page 287
Loss by Sensible Heat of the Flue Gas......Page 291
Heat Loss by External Radiation......Page 294
Miscellaneous Heat Losses......Page 296
Generator Efficiency Test......Page 297
Distributed Pressure Drops in Tubes and in Ducts......Page 300
Concentrated Pressure Drops......Page 316
Pressure Drop Through the Tube Banks......Page 323
Pressure Drop in Special Equipments......Page 328
Pumps, Fans, and Chimneys......Page 329
Natural Circulation......Page 337
General Information on Optimization of Convection Generators......Page 359
External Boiler Optimization......Page 360
External Optimization of Air Heaters......Page 368
Optimal Distribution of the Surfaces of the Boiler Tube Bank and of the Heat Regenerator......Page 377
Optimized Sizing of the Waste-Heat Generator......Page 382
Water-Tube Generator......Page 390
Smoke-Tube Generator......Page 395
Waste-Heat Generator......Page 398
Air Heater......Page 403
Natural Circulation......Page 405
Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchangein the Steam-Generating Tube Bank......Page 408
Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange in both Superheaters and Economizers......Page 411
Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange in the Air Heater......Page 413
Finned Tubes......Page 417
Bibliography......Page 426
Index......Page 430