Steam Boiler Technology

Cover page......Page 1
Table of contents of the book......Page 3
The Basics of Steam Generation......Page 4
Table of contents......Page 5
Introduction......Page 6
A simple boiler......Page 8
Carnot efficiency......Page 9
Boiling of water......Page 10
Effect of pressure on evaporation temperature......Page 11
Types of combustion......Page 12
Main types of a modern boiler......Page 13
T-Q diagram......Page 15
Heat recovery steam generator model......Page 17
Heat exchanger model of furnace-equipped boilers......Page 18
References......Page 19
The History of Steam Generation......Page 20
Table of contents......Page 21
Early boilers......Page 22
Newcomen’s boiler......Page 23
Cylindrical boiler......Page 24
Wilcox’ water tube boiler......Page 25
Tube walled furnace......Page 27
Once-through boiler......Page 28
Graphs and timelines of development in boiler technology......Page 29
Steam boilers and safety......Page 30
References......Page 32
Modern Boiler Types and Applications......Page 33
Table of contents......Page 34
Grate furnace boilers......Page 35
Cyclone firing......Page 36
Fuel characteristics of coal......Page 37
Oil and gas fired boilers......Page 38
Fluidized bed boilers......Page 39
Main types......Page 40
Heat recovery steam generators (HRSG)......Page 42
HRSGs in power plants......Page 43
Refuse boilers......Page 44
Recovery boilers......Page 45
Bio-energy boilers......Page 46
Packaged boilers......Page 47
Scandinavian steam generator suppliers......Page 48
References......Page 49
Steam/Water Circulation Design......Page 51
Table of contents......Page 52
Shell type boilers......Page 53
Fire tube boilers......Page 54
Water tube boilers......Page 55
Natural circulation principle......Page 56
Advantages and disadvantages......Page 57
Driving force of natural circulation......Page 58
Downcomers......Page 59
Wall tubes......Page 60
Headers......Page 61
Heat transfer crisis......Page 62
Special designs......Page 63
Principle of forced circulation......Page 64
Controlled circulation boilers......Page 65
Once-through boilers......Page 66
Sulzer design......Page 67
Multiple pass design......Page 68
Operation......Page 69
Combined circulation boilers......Page 70
References......Page 71
Feedwater and Steam System Components......Page 73
Table of contents......Page 74
Steam drum......Page 75
Steam drum principle......Page 76
Steam purity and quality......Page 77
Steam drum placement......Page 78
Feedwater system......Page 79
Feedwater pump......Page 80
Feedwater heaters......Page 81
Dolezahl attemperator......Page 82
Water atomizer types......Page 83
References......Page 84
Combustion Process Equipment......Page 85
Table of contents......Page 86
Combustion system......Page 87
Front and back wall firing......Page 88
Roof firing......Page 89
Combustion of solids......Page 90
Grate firing......Page 91
Mechanical grates......Page 92
Mechanical grate for biofuels......Page 93
Fan categories......Page 94
Fan selection......Page 95
Pulverizers......Page 96
Ash collection points......Page 97
Electrostatic precipitator......Page 98
Soot blowing......Page 99
References......Page 101
Heat Exchangers in Steam Boilers......Page 103
Table of contents......Page 104
Heat transfer surfaces......Page 105
Arrangement of heat transfer surfaces (furnace-equipped boil......Page 106
Furnace......Page 107
Boiler bank......Page 108
Superheater......Page 109
Panel superheater......Page 110
Reheater......Page 111
Connections of superheater elements......Page 112
Regenerative air preheaters......Page 113
Tubular recuperative air preheater......Page 114
Plate recuperative air preheater......Page 115
References......Page 116
Boiler Calculations......Page 117
Table of contents......Page 118
Temperature-heat (T-Q) diagram......Page 119
Temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram......Page 120
Application of the T-s diagram......Page 121
Pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram......Page 122
Enthalpy-entropy (Mollier, h-s) diagram......Page 123
Procedure for determination of specific enthalpies and mass......Page 124
Superheaters and reheaters......Page 125
Spray water group mass flow......Page 126
Reheater......Page 127
Heat loss with unburned combustible gases......Page 128
Heat loss due to wasted heat in ashes......Page 129
Internal power consumption......Page 130
Indirect method......Page 131
References......Page 132
Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers......Page 133
Table of contents......Page 134
Convection......Page 135
Definition......Page 136
Gas side pressure drop for staggered tube arrangement......Page 137
Sizing of heat transfer surfaces......Page 138
Furnace design......Page 139
Furnace strain level......Page 140
Tube wall design......Page 141
Typical furnace outlet temperatures......Page 142
Furnace air levels......Page 143
CFB furnace design......Page 144
BFB furnace design......Page 145
Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) design......Page 146
Superheater design......Page 148
Tube arrangement......Page 149
Design method......Page 151
Air preheater design......Page 153
References......Page 154
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers......Page 155
Table of contents......Page 156
Fluidized bed principles......Page 157
Basic principles of CFB boilers......Page 159
Characteristics of CFB systems......Page 161
The advantages of CFB boilers......Page 162
Combustion in CFB boilers......Page 163
Combustion zones in a CFB boiler......Page 164
Bed to wall heat transfer......Page 165
Heat transfer and part-load operation......Page 166
SO2 Emissions......Page 167
NOx - emissions......Page 168
Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons......Page 170
References......Page 171
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Design......Page 173
Table of contents......Page 174
Combustion calculation......Page 175
Solid waste produced......Page 176
Heat balance......Page 177
Control of particle size in bed......Page 179
Grate heat release rate (GHRR)......Page 180
Shape of the furnace......Page 181
Recycled solid entry......Page 182
Design of heating surfaces......Page 183
Arrangement of heat exchanger surfaces......Page 184
Cyclones......Page 186
U-Beams particle separators......Page 187
Recycling of solids......Page 188
Bottom Ash Removal System......Page 189
References......Page 190
Recovery Boilers......Page 191
Table of contents......Page 192
Kraft recovery principles......Page 193
Function of recovery boilers......Page 194
Development of recovery boiler technology......Page 195
Improving air systems......Page 196
Black liquor dry solids content......Page 197
Safety......Page 199
Chemical processes in the furnace......Page 200
Reduction and sulfidity......Page 201
Sodium......Page 202
Key design specifications......Page 203
Screen or screenless boiler......Page 204
Evolution of recovery boiler design......Page 205
Modern recovery boiler......Page 206
State of the art and current trends......Page 208
Heat transfer surface design and material selection......Page 209
Furnace tube materials......Page 210
Effect of steam outlet temperature......Page 212
Sealing the roof......Page 213
Economizer design and materials......Page 214
References......Page 215