Statistics: informed decisions using data

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface to the Instructor......Page 14
Resources for Success......Page 19
Applications Index......Page 24
Part 1: Getting the Information You Need......Page 30
 Chapter 1: Data Collection......Page 31
  1.1 Introduction to the Practice of Statistics......Page 32
  1.2 Observational Studies versus Designed Experiments......Page 43
  1.3 Simple Random Sampling......Page 50
  1.4 Other Effective Sampling Methods......Page 57
  1.5 Bias in Sampling......Page 65
  1.6 The Design of Experiments......Page 71
  Chapter 1 Review......Page 83
  Chapter Test......Page 86
  Case Study: Chrysalises for Cash......Page 88
Part 2: Descriptive Statistics......Page 90
 Chapter 2: Organizing and Summarizing Data......Page 91
  2.1 Organizing Qualitative Data......Page 92
  2.2 Organizing Quantitative Data: The Popular Displays......Page 105
  2.3 Additional Displays of Quantitative Data......Page 123
  2.4 Graphical Misrepresentations of Data......Page 130
  Chapter 2 Review......Page 138
  Chapter Test......Page 142
  Case Study: The Day the Sky Roared......Page 144
 Chapter 3: Numerically Summarizing Data......Page 146
  3.1 Measures of Central Tendency......Page 147
  3.2 Measures of Dispersion......Page 160
  3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from Grouped Data......Page 176
  3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers......Page 183
  3.5 The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots......Page 193
  Chapter 3 Review......Page 201
  Chapter Test......Page 205
  Making an Informed Decision: What Car Should I Buy?......Page 207
  Case Study: Who Was “A Mourner”?......Page 208
 Chapter 4: Describing the Relation between Two Variables......Page 209
  4.1 Scatter Diagrams and Correlation......Page 210
  4.2 Least-Squares Regression......Page 226
  4.3 Diagnostics on the Least-Squares Regression Line......Page 240
  4.4 Contingency Tables and Association......Page 254
  Chapter 4 Review......Page 265
  Chapter Test......Page 271
  Making an Informed Decision: Relationships among Variables on a World Scale......Page 272
  Case Study: Thomas Malthus, Population, and Subsistence......Page 273
  4.5 Nonlinear Regression: Transformations (online)......Page 274
Part 3: Probability and Probability Distributions......Page 284
 Chapter 5: Probability......Page 285
  5.1 Probability Rules......Page 286
  5.2 The Addition Rule and Complements......Page 301
  5.3 Independence and the Multiplication Rule......Page 312
  5.4 Conditional Probability and the General Multiplication Rule......Page 318
  5.5 Counting Techniques......Page 328
  5.6 Putting It Together: Which Method Do I Use?......Page 341
  Chapter 5 Review......Page 346
  Chapter Test......Page 350
  Making an Informed Decision: The Effects of Drinking and Driving......Page 351
  Case Study: The Case of the Body in the Bag......Page 352
  5.7 Bayes’s Rule (online)......Page 354
 Chapter 6: Discrete Probability Distributions......Page 364
  6.1 Discrete Random Variables......Page 365
  6.2 The Binomial Probability Distribution......Page 376
  6.3 The Poisson Probability Distribution......Page 392
  Chapter 6 Review......Page 398
  Chapter Test......Page 401
  Making an Informed Decision: Should We Convict?......Page 402
  Case Study: The Voyage of the St. Andrew......Page 403
  6.4 The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution (online)......Page 404
 Chapter 7: The Normal Probability Distribution......Page 412
  7.1 Properties of the Normal Distribution......Page 413
  7.2 Applications of the Normal Distribution......Page 423
  7.3 Assessing Normality......Page 434
  7.4 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution......Page 439
  Chapter 7 Review......Page 444
  Chapter Test......Page 447
  Case Study: A Tale of Blood Chemistry......Page 448
Part 4: Inference: From Samples to Population......Page 450
 Chapter 8: Sampling Distributions......Page 451
  8.1 Distribution of the Sample Mean......Page 452
  8.2 Distribution of the Sample Proportion......Page 465
  Chapter 8 Review......Page 472
  Chapter Test......Page 474
  Case Study: Sampling Distribution of the Median......Page 475
 Chapter 9: Estimating the Value of a Parameter......Page 477
  9.1 Estimating a Population Proportion......Page 478
  9.2 Estimating a Population Mean......Page 492
  9.3 Estimating a Population Standard Deviation......Page 506
  9.4 Putting It Together: Which Procedure Do I Use?......Page 512
  9.5 Estimating with Bootstrapping......Page 515
  Chapter 9 Review......Page 522
  Chapter Test......Page 526
  Making an Informed Decision: How Much Should I Spend for this House?......Page 527
  Case Study: Fire-Safe Cigarettes......Page 528
 Chapter 10: Hypothesis Tests Regarding a Parameter......Page 529
  10.1 The Language of Hypothesis Testing......Page 530
  10.2 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Proportion......Page 537
  10.3 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean......Page 551
  10.4 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Standard Deviation......Page 561
  10.5 Putting It Together: Which Method Do I Use?......Page 567
  10.6 The Probability of a Type II Error and the Power of the Test......Page 569
  Chapter 10 Review......Page 574
  Chapter Test......Page 578
  Case Study: How Old Is Stonehenge?......Page 579
 Chapter 11: Inferences on Two Samples......Page 581
  11.1 Inference about Two Population Proportions......Page 582
  11.2 Inference about Two Means: Dependent Samples......Page 593
  11.3 Inference about Two Means: Independent Samples......Page 604
  11.4 Inference about Two Population Standard Deviations......Page 615
  11.5 Putting It Together: Which Method Do I Use?......Page 624
  Chapter 11 Review......Page 629
  Chapter Test......Page 632
  Case Study: Control in the Design of an Experiment......Page 634
 Chapter 12: Inference on Categorical Data......Page 636
  12.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test......Page 637
  12.2 Tests for Independence and the Homogeneity of Proportions......Page 649
  12.3 Inference about Two Population Proportions: Dependent Samples......Page 664
  Chapter 12 Review......Page 668
  Chapter Test......Page 671
  Case Study: Feeling Lucky? Well, Are You?......Page 672
 Chapter 13: Comparing Three or More Means......Page 674
  13.1 Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Analysis of Variance)......Page 675
  13.2 Post Hoc Tests on One-Way Analysis of Variance......Page 692
  13.3 The Randomized Complete Block Design......Page 700
  13.4 Two-Way Analysis of Variance......Page 709
  Chapter 13 Review......Page 723
  Chapter Test......Page 726
  Making an Informed Decision: Where Should I Invest?......Page 728
  Case Study: Hat Size and Intelligence......Page 729
 Chapter 14: Inference on the Least-Squares Regression Model and Multiple Regression......Page 730
  14.1 Testing the Significance of the Least-Squares Regression Model......Page 731
  14.2 Confidence and Prediction Intervals......Page 746
  14.3 Introduction to Multiple Regression......Page 751
  14.4 Interaction and Dummy Variables......Page 766
  14.5 Polynomial Regression......Page 774
  14.6 Building a Regression Model......Page 779
  Chapter 14 Review......Page 792
  Chapter Test......Page 796
  Case Study: Housing Boom......Page 798
 Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics......Page 800
  15.1 An Overview of Nonparametric Statistics......Page 801
  15.2 Runs Test for Randomness......Page 802
  15.3 Inference about Measures of Central Tendency......Page 809
  15.4 Inference about the Difference between Two Medians: Dependent Samples......Page 816
  15.5 Inference about the Difference between Two Medians: Independent Samples......Page 826
  15.6 Spearman’s Rank-Correlation Test......Page 834
  15.7 Kruskal–Wallis Test......Page 840
  Chapter 15 Review......Page 847
  Chapter Test......Page 850
  Case Study: Evaluating Alabama’s 1891 House Bill 504......Page 851
Photo Credits......Page 853
Appendix A: Tables......Page 854
Appendix B: Lines......Page 890
Answers......Page 897
 C......Page 991
 D......Page 992
 E......Page 993
 H......Page 994
 L......Page 995
 M......Page 996
 P......Page 997
 S......Page 999
 T......Page 1001
 Z......Page 1002