Statistics (Cliffs AP)

CliffsAP Statistics......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Part I: Introduction......Page 11
AP Statistics Exam Format......Page 13
Free-Response Questions......Page 14
Advanced Placement Exam Grades......Page 15
Part II: Subject Area Reviews with Sample Questions and Answers......Page 17
Dotplots and Bar Charts......Page 19
Stemplots......Page 20
Histograms......Page 21
Cumulative Frequency Charts......Page 25
Center and Spread......Page 26
Clusters and Gaps......Page 27
Review Questions and Answers......Page 32
Measuring Center: Median, Mean......Page 41
Measuring Spread: Range, Interquartile Range, Standard Deviation......Page 42
Empirical Rule......Page 46
Comparing Measures of Central Tendency......Page 47
Review Questions and Answers......Page 50
Back-to-Back Stemplots......Page 57
Parallel Boxplots......Page 58
Cumulative Frequency Plots......Page 59
Review Questions and Answers......Page 61
Analyzing Patterns in Scatterplots......Page 67
Transformations to Achieve Linearity: Logarithmic and Power Transformations......Page 84
Review Questions and Answers......Page 86
Marginal and Joint Frequencies for Two-Way Tables......Page 97
Conditional Relative Frequencies and Association......Page 98
Review Questions and Answers......Page 101
Census......Page 111
Observational Study......Page 112
Review Questions and Answers......Page 113
Populations, Samples, and Random Selection......Page 117
Sources of Bias in Surveys......Page 118
Stratified Random Sampling......Page 120
Review Questions and Answers......Page 121
Characteristics of a Well-Designed and Well-Conducted Experiment......Page 129
Random Assignments and Replication......Page 130
Completely Randomized Design......Page 131
Review Questions and Answers......Page 135
Anticipating Patterns: Probability as Relative Frequency......Page 143
Law of Large Numbers......Page 145
Addition Rule, Multiplication Rule, Conditional Probability, and Independence......Page 147
Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions, Including Binomial......Page 152
Simulation of Probability Distributions, Including Binomial and Geometric......Page 158
Mean (Expected Value) and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable......Page 161
Linear Transformation of a Random Variable......Page 163
Review Questions and Answers......Page 164
Notion of Independence versus Dependence......Page 179
Mean and Standard Deviation of Sums and Differences......Page 183
Review Questions and Answers......Page 187
Properties of the Normal Distribution......Page 195
Control Charts......Page 198
Using Tables of the Normal Distribution......Page 199
The Normal Distribution as a Model for Measurements, Including Solving for the Mean and Standard Deviation......Page 202
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial......Page 207
Review Questions and Answers......Page 209
Anticipating Patterns: Sampling Distributions......Page 217
Sampling Distributions of a Sample Proportion......Page 219
Sampling Distributions of a Sample Mean......Page 220
Central Limit Theorem......Page 222
Sampling Distribution of a Difference between Two Independent Sample Proportions......Page 224
Sampling Distribution of a Difference between Two Independent Sample Means......Page 226
Simulation of Sampling Distributions......Page 227
Review Questions and Answers......Page 228
The Meaning of a Confidence Interval......Page 239
Large Sample Confidence Interval for a Proportion......Page 242
Large Sample Confidence Interval for a Mean......Page 245
Large Sample Confidence Interval for a Difference between Two Proportions......Page 250
Large Sample Confidence Interval for a Difference between Two Means......Page 253
Review Questions and Answers......Page 255
Statistical Inference: Tests of Significance......Page 265
Concept of Type I and Type II Errors; Concept of Power......Page 266
One-Sided and Two-Sided Tests......Page 268
p-Value......Page 270
Hypothesis Testing Process......Page 272
Large Sample Test for a Proportion......Page 273
Large Sample Test for a Mean......Page 275
Large Sample Test for a Difference between Two Proportions......Page 278
Large Sample Test for a Difference between Two Means — Independent Samples (Unpaired)......Page 282
Large Sample Test for a Difference between Two Means — Dependent Samples (Paired)......Page 285
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit......Page 287
Chi-Square Test for Independence (Two Way Contingency Tables)......Page 290
Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity of Proportions......Page 294
Review Questions and Answers Multiple Choice Questions......Page 295
t-Distribution......Page 311
Single Sample t-Procedures......Page 313
Two Sample t-Procedures (Independent and Matched Pairs)......Page 316
Inference for the Slope of Least-Square Regression Line......Page 318
Review Questions and Answers Multiple Choice Questions......Page 321
Part III: AP Statistics Practice Tests......Page 329
Section I......Page 331
Section II......Page 340
Section I Answers......Page 343
Section II Answers......Page 345
Section I......Page 349
Section II......Page 358
Section I Answers......Page 361
Section II Answers......Page 364
Section I......Page 367
Section II......Page 375
Section I Answers......Page 379
Section II Answers......Page 382
Section I......Page 385
Section II......Page 395
Section I Answers......Page 398
Section II Answers......Page 401
Section I......Page 403
Section II......Page 412
Section I Answers......Page 415
Section II Answers......Page 418
Section I......Page 421
Section II......Page 431
Section I Answers......Page 433
Section II Answers......Page 436
Section I......Page 439
Section II......Page 449
Section I Answers......Page 453
Section II Answers......Page 456
Glossary......Page 459
Formulas......Page 467
Comparison of Graphical Displays......Page 474
Summary of Inference Methods......Page 475