Statistics at Square Two: Understanding Modern Statistical Applications in Medicine

Preface ix......Page 9
1.1 Basics 1......Page 11
1.2 Models 2......Page 12
1.3 Types of data 3......Page 13
1.4 Significance tests 5......Page 15
1.5 Confidence intervals 6......Page 16
1.7 Model fitting and analysis: exploratory
and confirmatory analyses 7......Page 17
1.9 Bayesian methods 8......Page 18
1.10 Reporting statistical results in the literature 9......Page 19
1.11 Reading statistics in the literature 10......Page 20
2.1 The model 12......Page 22
2.2 Uses of multiple regression 13......Page 23
2.3 Two independent variables 14......Page 24
2.4 Interpreting a computer output 19......Page 29
2.5 Multiple regression in action 25......Page 35
2.6 Assumptions underlying the models 26......Page 36
2.7 Model sensitivity 28......Page 38
2.8 Stepwise regression 31......Page 41
2.10 Reading the results of a multiple regression 32......Page 42
Frequently asked questions 33......Page 43
Multiple choice questions 35......Page 45
3.1 The model 37......Page 47
3.3 Interpreting a computer output: grouped analysis 40......Page 50
3.4 Logistic regression in action 44......Page 54
3.5 Model checking 45......Page 55
3.6 Interpreting a computer output: ungrouped analysis 47......Page 57
3.7 Case–control studies 49......Page 59
3.8 Interpreting a computer output: unmatched
case–control study 50......Page 60
3.9 Matched case–control studies 51......Page 61
3.10 Interpreting a computer output: matched
case–control study 52......Page 62
3.12 Reporting the results of logistic regression 55......Page 65
Frequently asked questions 56......Page 66
Multiple choice questions 57......Page 67
4.1 Introduction 59......Page 69
4.2 The model 60......Page 70
4.4 Interpreting a computer output 62......Page 72
4.6 Interpretation of the model 65......Page 75
4.7 Generalisations of the model 66......Page 76
4.8 Model checking 67......Page 77
4.9 Reporting the results of a survival analysis 69......Page 79
Exercise 70......Page 80
5.1 Introduction 74......Page 84
5.2 Models for random effects 75......Page 85
5.3 Random vs fixed effects 76......Page 86
5.4 Use of random effects models 77......Page 87
5.5 Random effects models in action 78......Page 88
5.6 Ordinary least squares at the group level 79......Page 89
5.7 Computer analysis 80......Page 90
5.8 Model checking 84......Page 94
5.10 Reading about the results of a random
effects analysis 85......Page 95
Frequently asked question 86......Page 96
6.1 Poisson regression 88......Page 98
6.2 Ordinal regression 92......Page 102
6.3 Time-series regression 97......Page 107
6.4 Reporting Poisson, ordinal or time-series
regression in the literature 100......Page 110
6.5 Reading about the results of Poisson, ordinal
or time-series regression in the literature 101......Page 111
Appendix 1 Exponentials and logarithms 103......Page 113
Appendix 2 Maximum likelihood and significance tests
105......Page 115
Appendix 3 Bootstrapping 115......Page 125
Appendix 4 Bayesian Methods 121......Page 131
Answers to exercises 125......Page 135
Index 127......Page 137
Made by huangzhiman......Page 2
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