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ویرایش: [1 ed.]
نویسندگان: Deborah J. Rumsey
سری: For Dummies
ISBN (شابک) : 1119902568, 9781119902584
ناشر: Wiley
سال نشر: 2022
تعداد صفحات: 560
[563]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 21 Mb
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شانس بهترین راه برای تسلط بر آمار. Statistics All-in-One For Dummies مملو از درس ها، مثال ها و مشکلات تمرینی است که به شما کمک می کند دوره آمار خود را از بین ببرید. با توضیحات آسان (حتی سرگرم کننده) مفاهیم کلیدی، اعتماد و درک را در آمار ایجاد کنید. به علاوه، به آزمونهای فصل آنلاین و منابع دیگری دسترسی خواهید داشت که شما را به یک استاد آمار تبدیل میکند. این کتاب به شما می آموزد که چگونه نمودارها را تفسیر کنید، احتمال را تعیین کنید، داده ها را نقد کنید و خیلی چیزهای دیگر. Statistics AIO For Dummies که توسط یک نویسنده متخصص و یک متخصص آمار جدی نوشته شده است، همه چیز را با شرایطی که هر کسی می تواند بفهمد توضیح می دهد. • مفاهیم اولیه آمار مورد نیاز در هر دوره آمار را درک کنید • فرآیند تفسیر نمودارها، درک نظرسنجی ها و تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها را پاکسازی کنید • همبستگی، رگرسیون، و سایر ابزارهای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها • در آزمون های آماری امتیاز بیشتری کسب کنید و در کلاس دبیرستان یا کالج نمره بهتری بگیرید Statistics All-in-One For Dummies از برنامه درسی دوره های آمار کالج (شامل آمار AP!) پیروی می کند، بنابراین می توانید همه چیزهایی را که برای بدست آوردن نمره لازم می دانید - به روش Dummies - بیاموزید.
The odds-on best way to master stats. Statistics All-in-One For Dummies is packed with lessons, examples, and practice problems to help you slay your stats course. Develop confidence and understanding in statistics with easy-to-understand (even fun) explanations of key concepts. Plus, you’ll get access to online chapter quizzes and other resources that will turn you into a stats master. This book teaches you how to interpret graphs, determine probability, critique data, and so much more. Written by an expert author and serious statistics nerd, Statistics AIO For Dummies explains everything in terms anyone can understand. • Get a grasp of basic statistics concepts required in every statistics course • Clear up the process of interpreting graphs, understanding polls, and analyzing data • Master correlation, regression, and other data analysis tools • Score higher on stats tests and get a better grade in your high school or college class Statistics All-in-One For Dummies follows the curriculum of intro college statistics courses (including AP Stats!) so you can learn everything you need to know to get the grade you need—the Dummies way.
Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Introduction About This Book Foolish Assumptions Icons Used in This Book Beyond the Book Where to Go from Here Unit 1 Getting Started with Statistics Chapter 1 The Statistics of Everyday Life Statistics and the Media: More Questions than Answers? Probing popcorn problems Venturing into viruses Comprehending crashes Mulling malpractice Belaboring the loss of land Scrutinizing schools Scanning sports Banking on business news Touring the travel news Surveying sexual stats Breaking down weather reports Using Statistics at Work Delivering babies — and information Posing for pictures Poking through pizza data Statistics in the office Chapter 2 Taking Control: So Many Numbers, So Little Time Detecting Errors, Exaggerations, and Just Plain Lies Checking the math Uncovering misleading statistics Breaking down statistical debates Untwisting tornado statistics Zeroing in on what the scale tells you Checking your sources Counting on sample size Considering cause and effect Finding what you want to find Looking for lies in all the right places Feeling the Impact of Misleading Statistics Chapter 3 Tools of the Trade Thriving in a Statistical World Statistics: More than Just Numbers Designing Appropriate Studies Surveys (Polls) Experiments Treatment group versus control group Placebo Blind and double-blind Collecting Quality Data Sample, random, or otherwise Bias Grabbing Some Basic Statistical Jargon Data Data set Variable Population Statistic Parameter Mean (Average) Median Standard deviation Percentile Standard score Distribution and normal distribution Central Limit Theorem z-values Margin of error Confidence interval Hypothesis testing p-values Statistical significance Correlation, regression, and two-way tables Drawing Credible Conclusions Reeling in overstated results Questioning claims of cause and effect Becoming a Sleuth, Not a Skeptic Unit 2 Number-Crunching Basics Chapter 4 Crunching Categorical Data Summing Up Data with Descriptive Statistics Crunching Categorical Data: Tables and Percents Counting on the frequency Relating with percentages Two-way tables: Summarizing multiple measures Interpreting counts and percents with caution Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 4 Quiz Answers to Chapter 4 Quiz Chapter 5 Means, Medians, and More Measuring the Center with Mean and Median Averaging out to the mean Splitting your data down the median Comparing means and medians: Histograms Accounting for Variation Reporting the standard deviation Calculating standard deviation Interpreting standard deviation Understanding properties of standard deviation Lobbying for standard deviation Being out of range Examining the Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7) Measuring Relative Standing with Percentiles Calculating percentiles Interpreting percentiles Comparing household incomes Examining ACT Scores Gathering a five-number summary Exploring interquartile range Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 5 Quiz Answers to Chapter 5 Quiz Chapter 6 Getting the Picture: Graphing Categorical Data Take Another Little Piece of My Pie Chart Tallying personal expenses Bringing in a lotto revenue Ordering takeout Projecting age trends Raising the Bar on Bar Graphs Tracking transportation expenses Making a lotto profit Tipping the scales on a bar graph Pondering pet peeves Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 6 Quiz Answers to Chapter 6 Quiz Chapter 7 Going by the Numbers: Graphing Numerical Data Handling Histograms Making a histogram An award-winning example Creating appropriate groups Handling borderline values Clarifying the axes Interpreting a histogram Checking out the shape of the data Measuring center: Mean versus median Viewing variability: Amount of spread around the mean Putting numbers with pictures Detecting misleading histograms Missing the mark with too few groups Watching the scale and start/finish lines Examining Boxplots Making a boxplot Interpreting a boxplot Checking the shape with caution! Measuring variability with IQR Picking out the center using the median Investigating Old Faithful’s boxplot Denoting outliers Making mistakes when interpreting a boxplot Tackling Time Charts Interpreting time charts Understanding variability: Time charts versus histograms Spotting misleading time charts Watching the scale and start/end points Simplifying excess data Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 7 Quiz Answers to Chapter 7 Quiz Unit 3 Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem Chapter 8 Coming to Terms with Probability A Set Notation Overview Noting outcomes: Sample spaces Finite sample spaces Countably infinite sample spaces Uncountably infinite sample spaces Noting subsets of sample spaces: Events Noting a void in the set: Empty sets Putting sets together: Unions, intersections, and complements Unions Intersections Complements Probabilities of Events Involving A and/or B Probability notation Marginal probabilities Union probabilities Intersection (joint) probabilities Complement probabilities Conditional probabilities Solving conditional probabilities without a formula Solving conditional probabilities with a formula Understanding and Applying the Rules of Probability The complement rule (for opposites, not for flattering a date) The multiplication rule (for intersections, not for rabbits) The addition rule (for unions of the nonmarital nature) Recognizing Independence in Multiple Events Checking independence for two events with the definition Using the multiplication rule for independent events Including Mutually Exclusive Events Recognizing mutually exclusive events Simplifying the addition rule with mutually exclusive events Distinguishing Independent from Mutually Exclusive Events Comparing and contrasting independence and exclusivity Checking for independence or exclusivity in a 52-card deck Avoiding Probability Misconceptions Predictions Using Probability Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 8 Quiz Answers to Chapter 8 Quiz Chapter 9 Random Variables and the Binomial Distribution Defining a Random Variable Discrete versus continuous Probability distributions The mean and variance of a discrete random variable Identifying a Binomial Checking binomial conditions step by step No fixed number of trials More than success or failure Trials are not independent Probability of success (p) changes Finding Binomial Probabilities Using a Formula Finding Probabilities Using the Binomial Table Finding probabilities for specific values of X Finding probabilities for X greater-than, less-than, or between two values Checking Out the Mean and Standard Deviation of the Binomial Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 9 Quiz Answers to Chapter 9 Quiz Chapter 10 The Normal Distribution Exploring the Basics of the Normal Distribution Meeting the Standard Normal (Z-) Distribution Checking out Z Standardizing from X to Z Finding probabilities for Z with the Z-table Finding Probabilities for a Normal Distribution Knowing Where You Stand with Percentiles Finding X When You Know the Percent Figuring out a percentile for a normal distribution Doing a low percentile problem Working with a higher percentile Translating tricky wording in percentile problems Normal Approximation to the Binomial Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 10 Quiz Answers to Chapter 10 Quiz Chapter 11 The t-Distribution Basics of the t-Distribution Comparing the t- and Z-distributions Discovering the effect of variability on t-distributions Using the t-Table Finding probabilities with the t-table Figuring percentiles for the t-distribution Picking out t*-values for confidence intervals Studying Behavior Using the t-Table Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 11 Quiz Answers to Chapter 11 Quiz Chapter 12 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem Defining a Sampling Distribution The Mean of a Sampling Distribution Measuring Standard Error Sample size and standard error Population standard deviation and standard error Looking at the Shape of a Sampling Distribution Case 1: The distribution of X is normal Case 2: The distribution of X is not normal — Enter the Central Limit Theorem Averaging a fair die is approximately normal Averaging an unfair die is still approximately normal Clarifying three major points about the Central Limit Theorem Finding Probabilities for the Sample Mean The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion Finding Probabilities for the Sample Proportion Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 12 Quiz Answers to Chapter 12 Quiz Unit 4 Guesstimating and Hypothesizing with Confidence Chapter 13 Leaving Room for a Margin of Error Seeing the Importance of that Plus or Minus Finding the Margin of Error: A General Formula Measuring sample variability Calculating margin of error for a sample proportion Reporting results Calculating margin of error for a sample mean Being confident you’re right Determining the Impact of Sample Size Sample size and margin of error Bigger isn’t always (that much) better! Keeping margin of error in perspective Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 13 Quiz Answers to Chapter 13 Quiz Chapter 14 Confidence Intervals: Making Your Best Guesstimate Not All Estimates Are Created Equal Linking a Statistic to a Parameter Getting with the Jargon Interpreting Results with Confidence Zooming In on Width Choosing a Confidence Level Factoring In the Sample Size Counting On Population Variability Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Population Mean Case 1: Population standard deviation is known Case 2: Population standard deviation is unknown and/or n is small Figuring Out What Sample Size You Need Determining the Confidence Interval for One Population Proportion Creating a Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Means Case 1: Population standard deviations are known Case 2: Population standard deviations are unknown and/or sample sizes are small Estimating the Difference of Two Proportions Spotting Misleading Confidence Intervals Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 14 Quiz Answers to Chapter 14 Quiz Chapter 15 Claims, Tests, and Conclusions Setting Up the Hypotheses Defining the null What’s the alternative? Gathering Good Evidence (Data) Compiling the Evidence: The Test Statistic Gathering sample statistics Measuring variability using standard errors Understanding standard scores Calculating and interpreting the test statistic Weighing the Evidence and Making Decisions: p-Values Connecting test statistics and p-values Defining a p-value Calculating a p-value Making Conclusions Setting boundaries for rejecting  Testing varicose veins Assessing the Chance of a Wrong Decision Making a false alarm: Type I errors Missing out on a detection: Type II errors Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 15 Quiz Answers to Chapter 15 Quiz Chapter 16 Commonly Used Hypothesis Tests: Formulas and Examples Testing One Population Mean Handling Small Samples and Unknown Standard Deviations: The t-Test Putting the t-test to work Relating t to Z Handling negative t-values Examining the not-equal-to alternative Drawing conclusions using the critical value Testing One Population Proportion Comparing Two (Independent) Population Averages Case 1: Difference of two population means when population standard deviations are known Case 2: Difference of two population means when population standard deviations are unknown Testing for an Average Difference (The Paired t-Test) Comparing Two Population Proportions Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 16 Quiz Answers to Chapter 16 Quiz Unit 5 Statistical Studies and the Hunt for a Meaningful Relationship Chapter 17 Polls, Polls, and More Polls Recognizing the Impact of Polls Getting to the source Surveying what’s hot Impacting lives Behind the Scenes: The Ins and Outs of Surveys Planning and designing a survey Clarifying the purpose of your survey Defining the target population Choosing the type and timing of the survey Designing the introduction with ethics in mind Formulating the questions Selecting the sample A good sample represents the target population A good sample is selected randomly A good sample is large enough for the results to be accurate Carrying out a survey Collecting the data Following up, following up, and following up Interpreting results and finding problems Organizing and analyzing Drawing conclusions Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 17 Quiz Answers to Chapter 17 Quiz Chapter 18 Experiments and Observational Studies: Medical Breakthroughs or Misleading Results? Boiling Down the Basics of Studies Looking at the lingo of studies Observing observational studies Examining experiments Designing a Good Experiment Designing the experiment to make comparisons Fake treatments — the placebo effect Standard treatments No treatment Selecting the sample size Limiting small samples to small conclusions Defining sample size Choosing the subjects Making random assignments Controlling for confounding variables Respecting ethical issues Collecting good data Analyzing the data properly Interpreting Experiment Results Making appropriate conclusions Overstating the results Taking the results one step beyond the actual data Generalizing results to people beyond the scope of the study Making informed decisions Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 18 Quiz Answers to Chapter 18 Quiz Chapter 19 Looking for Links: Correlation and Regression Picturing a Relationship with a Scatterplot Making a scatterplot Interpreting a scatterplot Quantifying Linear Relationships Using the Correlation Calculating the correlation Interpreting the correlation Examining properties of the correlation Working with Linear Regression Figuring out which variable is X and which is Y Checking the conditions Calculating the regression line Finding the slope Finding the y-intercept Interpreting the regression line Interpreting the slope Interpreting the y-intercept Putting it all together: The regression line for the crickets Making Proper Predictions Checking the conditions Staying in-bounds Regression Analysis: Understanding the Output Residing with Residuals Explaining the Relationship: Correlation versus Cause and Effect Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 19 Quiz Answers to Chapter 19 Quiz Chapter 20 Two-Way Tables and Independence Organizing a Two-Way Table Setting up the cells Figuring the totals Interpreting Two-Way Tables Singling out variables with marginal distributions Calculating marginal distributions Graphing marginal distributions Examining all groups — a joint distribution Calculating joint distributions Graphing joint distributions Comparing groups with conditional distributions Calculating conditional distributions Graphing conditional distributions Checking Independence and Describing Dependence Checking for independence Comparing the results of two conditional distributions Comparing marginal and conditional to check for independence Describing a dependent relationship Cautiously Interpreting Results Checking for legitimate cause and effect Projecting from sample to population Making prudent predictions Resisting the urge to jump to conclusions Practice Questions Answers and Explanations Whaddya Know? Chapter 20 Quiz Answers to Chapter 20 Quiz Appendix: Tables for Reference The Z-Table The t-Table The Binomial Table Index EULA