Statistical Methods For The Social Sciences

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Global Edition Acknowledgments......Page 13
1.1 Introduction to Statistical Methodology......Page 14
1.2 Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics......Page 17
1.3 The Role of Computers and Software in Statistics......Page 19
1.4 Chapter Summary......Page 21
2.1 Variables and Their Measurement......Page 24
2.2 Randomization......Page 27
2.3 Sampling Variability and Potential Bias......Page 30
2.4 Other Probability Sampling Methods*......Page 34
2.5 Chapter Summary......Page 36
3.1 Describing Data with Tables and Graphs......Page 42
3.2 Describing the Center of the Data......Page 48
3.3 Describing Variability of the Data......Page 54
3.4 Measures of Position......Page 59
3.5 Bivariate Descriptive Statistics......Page 64
3.7 Chapter Summary......Page 68
4.1 Introduction to Probability......Page 80
4.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete and Continuous Variables......Page 82
4.3 The Normal Probability Distribution......Page 85
4.4 Sampling Distributions Describe How Statistics Vary......Page 93
4.5 Sampling Distributions of Sample Means......Page 98
4.6 Review: Population, Sample Data, and Sampling Distributions......Page 104
4.7 Chapter Summary......Page 107
5.1 Point and Interval Estimation......Page 116
5.2 Confidence Interval for a Proportion......Page 119
5.3 Confidence Interval for a Mean......Page 126
5.4 Choice of Sample Size......Page 133
5.5 Estimation Methods: Maximum Likelihood and the Bootstrap*......Page 139
5.6 Chapter Summary......Page 143
6 Statistical Inference: Significance Tests......Page 152
6.1 The Five Parts of a Significance Test......Page 153
6.2 Significance Test for a Mean......Page 156
6.3 Significance Test for a Proportion......Page 165
6.4 Decisions and Types of Errors in Tests......Page 168
6.5 Limitations of Significance Tests......Page 172
6.6 Finding P(Type II Error)*......Page 176
6.7 Small-Sample Test for a Proportion—the Binomial Distribution*......Page 178
6.8 Chapter Summary......Page 182
7.1 Preliminaries for Comparing Groups......Page 192
7.2 Categorical Data: Comparing Two Proportions......Page 195
7.3 Quantitative Data: Comparing Two Means......Page 200
7.4 Comparing Means with Dependent Samples......Page 203
7.5 Other Methods for Comparing Means*......Page 206
7.6 Other Methods for Comparing Proportions*......Page 211
7.7 Nonparametric Statistics for Comparing Groups*......Page 214
7.8 Chapter Summary......Page 217
8.1 Contingency Tables......Page 228
8.2 Chi-Squared Test of Independence......Page 231
8.3 Residuals: Detecting the Pattern of Association......Page 238
8.4 Measuring Association in Contingency Tables......Page 240
8.5 Association Between Ordinal Variables*......Page 246
8.6 Chapter Summary......Page 251
9.1 Linear Relationships......Page 260
9.2 Least Squares Prediction Equation......Page 263
9.3 The Linear Regression Model......Page 269
9.4 Measuring Linear Association: The Correlation......Page 272
9.5 Inferences for the Slope and Correlation......Page 279
9.6 Model Assumptions and Violations......Page 285
9.7 Chapter Summary......Page 290
10.1 Association and Causality......Page 300
10.2 Controlling for Other Variables......Page 303
10.3 Types of Multivariate Relationships......Page 307
10.4 Inferential Issues in Statistical Control......Page 312
10.5 Chapter Summary......Page 314
11.1 The Multiple Regression Model......Page 320
11.2 Multiple Correlation and R2......Page 329
11.3 Inferences for Multiple Regression Coefficients......Page 333
11.4 Modeling Interaction Effects......Page 338
11.5 Comparing Regression Models......Page 342
11.6 Partial Correlation*......Page 344
11.7 Standardized Regression Coefficients*......Page 347
11.8 Chapter Summary......Page 350
12.1 Regression Modeling with Dummy Variables for Categories......Page 364
12.2 Multiple Comparisons of Means......Page 368
12.3 Comparing Several Means: Analysis of Variance......Page 371
12.4 Two-Way ANOVA and Regression Modeling......Page 375
12.5 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance*......Page 382
12.6 Two-Way ANOVA with Repeated Measures on a Factor*......Page 386
12.7 Chapter Summary......Page 391
13.1 Models with Quantitative and Categorical Explanatory Variables......Page 400
13.2 Inference for Regression with Quantitative and Categorical Predictors......Page 407
13.3 Case Studies: Using Multiple Regression in Research......Page 410
13.4 Adjusted Means*......Page 414
13.5 The Linear Mixed Model*......Page 419
13.6 Chapter Summary......Page 424
14.1 Model Selection Procedures......Page 432
14.2 Regression Diagnostics......Page 439
14.3 Effects of Multicollinearity......Page 446
14.4 Generalized Linear Models......Page 448
14.5 Nonlinear Relationships: Polynomial Regression......Page 452
14.6 Exponential Regression and Log Transforms*......Page 457
14.7 Robust Variances and Nonparametric Regression*......Page 461
14.8 Chapter Summary......Page 463
15.1 Logistic Regression......Page 472
15.2 Multiple Logistic Regression......Page 478
15.3 Inference for Logistic Regression Models......Page 483
15.4 Logistic Regression Models for Ordinal Variables*......Page 485
15.5 Logistic Models for Nominal Responses*......Page 490
15.6 Loglinear Models for Categorical Variables*......Page 493
15.7 Model Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Contingency Tables*......Page 497
15.8 Chapter Summary......Page 501
Appendix: R, Stata, SPSS, and SAS for Statistical Analyses......Page 510
Bibliography......Page 546
Credits......Page 550
C......Page 552
G......Page 553
M......Page 554
P......Page 555
S......Page 556
T......Page 557
Z......Page 558
Back Cover......Page 564