Statistical Methods for Business and Economics, Revised Edition (The Irwin Series in Quantitative Analysis for Business)

A note to the instructor vii......Page p0007.djvu
Acknowledgments x......Page p0010.djvu
Contents xiii......Page p0013.djvu
1.1 Examples of statistical problems 1......Page p0019.djvu
1.2 Sources of data 6......Page p0024.djvu
1.3 Statistical data terminology 7......Page p0025.djvu
1.4 The acquisition of data: Surveys and experiments 10......Page p0028.djvu
1.5 Obtaining data 12......Page p0030.djvu
1.6 Constructing questionnaires and schedules 14......Page p0032.djvu
1.7 Variables and scales of measurement 16......Page p0034.djvu
1.8 Text orientation 17......Page p0035.djvu
1.9 Summary 18......Page p0036.djvu
2.1 Introduction 23......Page p0041.djvu
2.2 Frequency distributions 24......Page p0042.djvu
2.3 Graphical methods of data presentation 27......Page p0045.djvu
2.4 Representative measures 31......Page p0049.djvu
2.5 Measures of variability 36......Page p0054.djvu
2.6 Other numerical measures 40......Page p0058.djvu
2.7 Computation of numerical measures for grouped data 44......Page p0062.djvu
2.8 Use of the standard deviation: The Chebychef theorem 46......Page p0064.djvu
2.9 Summary 48......Page p0066.djvu
3.1 Introduction 54......Page p0072.djvu
3.2 The sample and event spaces 55......Page p0073.djvu
3.3 Computing probabilities from the sample space 63......Page p0081.djvu
3.4 Permutations, combinations, and other counting rules 71......Page p0089.djvu
3.5 Summary 76......Page p0094.djvu
4.2 Compounding events: Unions and intersections 81......Page p0099.djvu
4.3 Conditional probability 85......Page p0103.djvu
4.4 Event relationships 90......Page p0108.djvu
4.5 Additive and multiplicative probability laws 93......Page p0111.djvu
4.6 Computing probabilities: Probability laws and probability trees 96......Page p0114.djvu
4.7 Bayes theorem 99......Page p0117.djvu
4.9 Summary 103......Page p0121.djvu
5.2 Random variables 110......Page p0128.djvu
5.3 Discrete random variables and their distributions 118......Page p0136.djvu
5.4 The mean and variance of a discrete random variable 123......Page p0141.djvu
5.5 Continuous random variables and their distributions 126......Page p0144.djvu
5.6 The mean and variance of a continuous random variable 131......Page p0149.djvu
5.7 Mathematical expectation 133......Page p0151.djvu
5.8 Bivariate random variables 137......Page p0155.djvu
5.9 Summary 142......Page p0160.djvu
6.1 Introduction 147......Page p0165.djvu
6.2 The discrete uniform distribution 148......Page p0166.djvu
6.3 The binomial distribution 151......Page p0169.djvu
6.4 The hypergeometric distribution 160......Page p0178.djvu
6.5 The Poisson distribution 163......Page p0181.djvu
6.6 Summary 169......Page p0187.djvu
7.2 The uniform (continuous) distribution 176......Page p0194.djvu
7.3 The normal distribution 179......Page p0197.djvu
7.4 The exponential distribution 193......Page p0211.djvu
7.5 The bivariate normal random variable 198......Page p0216.djvu
7.6 Summary 199......Page p0217.djvu
8.2 The nature of samples 204......Page p0222.djvu
8.3 Simple random sampling 207......Page p0225.djvu
8.4 Population parameters and sample statistics 208......Page p0226.djvu
8.5 Central limit theorem 218......Page p0236.djvu
8.6 Sampling distribution of the sample mean statistic \bar X 219......Page p0237.djvu
8.7 Sampling distribution of the sample proportion statistic P 222......Page p0240.djvu
8.9 Other types of samples 225......Page p0243.djvu
8.10 Summary 228......Page p0246.djvu
9.1 Introduction 233......Page p0251.djvu
9.2 Types of statistical estimation procedures 236......Page p0254.djvu
9.3 Point estimation 241......Page p0259.djvu
9.4 Interval estimation 248......Page p0266.djvu
9.5 Interval estimation of μ with an unknown population variance 254......Page p0272.djvu
9.6 Interval estimation of π with small samples 257......Page p0275.djvu
9.7 Confidence bounds on μ and π 258......Page p0276.djvu
9.8 Confidence interval estimators of the population variance σ^2 and the population standard deviation σ 260......Page p0278.djvu
9.9 Planning a statistical experiment 262......Page p0280.djvu
9.10 Summary 266......Page p0284.djvu
10.1 Introduction 271......Page p0289.djvu
10.2 The steps in the classical hypothesis-testing experiment 275......Page p0293.djvu
10.3 The power of the statistical test 283......Page p0301.djvu
10.4 The p-value method of hypothesis testing 295......Page p0313.djvu
10.5 Hypothesis tests concerning the population mean μ 298......Page p0316.djvu
10.6 Hypothesis tests concerning the population proportion π 305......Page p0323.djvu
10.7 The form of the statistical hypothesis 309......Page p0327.djvu
10.8 Relationship of hypothesis testing to confidence interval estimation 312......Page p0330.djvu
10.9 Setting the sample size for hypothesis testing 315......Page p0333.djvu
10.10 Testing hypotheses concerning the population variance σ^2 and the population standard deviation σ 317......Page p0335.djvu
10.11 Summary 319......Page p0337.djvu
11.1 Introduction 325......Page p0343.djvu
11.2 Inferences concerning two population means, μ_1 and μ_2 327......Page p0345.djvu
11.3 Inference concerning two population variances, σ_1^2 and σ_2^2 339......Page p0357.djvu
11.4 Inferences concerning two population proportions, π_1 and π_2 345......Page p0363.djvu
11.5 Paired t-test for comparing two population means 349......Page p0367.djvu
11.6 Summary 355......Page p0373.djvu
12.1 Introduction 360......Page p0378.djvu
12.2 Assumptions of analysis of variance 362......Page p0380.djvu
12.3 One-factor, completely randomized design 363......Page p0381.djvu
12.4 The randomized block design 381......Page p0399.djvu
12.5 Factorial experiments 388......Page p0406.djvu
12.6 Multiple comparisons 396......Page p0414.djvu
12.7 Violation of assumptions 400......Page p0418.djvu
12.8 Summary 402......Page p0420.djvu
13.1 Introduction 408......Page p0426.djvu
13.2 Relationships between variables 411......Page p0429.djvu
13.3 The simple linear regression model 413......Page p0431.djvu
13.4 The fitting of a simple linear regression model 418......Page p0436.djvu
13.5 The estimator of the conditional probability distributor variance σ^2 423......Page p0441.djvu
13.6 The coefficient of determination r^2 426......Page p0444.djvu
13.7 A discussion of the assumptions in regression analysis 429......Page p0447.djvu
13.8 A case study in simple linear regression model development 432......Page p0450.djvu
13.9 Correlation 437......Page p0455.djvu
13.10 Summary 445......Page p0463.djvu
14.1 Introduction 455......Page p0473.djvu
14.2 Inferences in regression analysis 456......Page p0474.djvu
14.3 Inferences in correlation analysis 469......Page p0487.djvu
14.4 Summary 473......Page p0491.djvu
15.1 Introduction 481......Page p0499.djvu
15.2 The multiple linear regression model 483......Page p0501.djvu
15.3 Point estimation of the population regression parameters: bivariate regression case 485......Page p0503.djvu
15.4 A computer-analyzed multiple regression example 489......Page p0507.djvu
15.5 Hypothesis testing in multiple linear regression 492......Page p0510.djvu
15.6 Using the multiple linear regression model for estimation and prediction 499......Page p0517.djvu
15.7 The treatment of qualitative variables in multiple linear regression 501......Page p0519.djvu
15.8 Multiple correlation analysis 509......Page p0527.djvu
15.9 Cautions in the use of multiple linear regression and correlation 513......Page p0531.djvu
15.10 Summary 519......Page p0537.djvu
16.1 Introduction 526......Page p0544.djvu
16.2 Components and models of a time series 528......Page p0546.djvu
16.3 Patterns of secular trend 532......Page p0550.djvu
16.4 Classical decomposition: Measuring the trend component of a time series 539......Page p0557.djvu
16.5 Classical decomposition: Measuring the seasonal component of a time series 548......Page p0566.djvu
16.6 Classical decomposition: Measuring the cyclical component of a time series 555......Page p0573.djvu
16.8 Summary 557......Page p0575.djvu
17.1 Introduction 563......Page p0581.djvu
17.2 Barometric indicators 564......Page p0582.djvu
17.3 Models for a stationary process 567......Page p0585.djvu
17.4 Autoregressive forecasting approaches 575......Page p0593.djvu
17.5 Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models 579......Page p0597.djvu
17.6 Double exponential smoothing 583......Page p0601.djvu
17.7 Econometric model building: Time series and regression analysis revisited 586......Page p0604.djvu
17.8 Sinusoidal models 590......Page p0608.djvu
17.9 A brief comparison of forecasting models 602......Page p0620.djvu
17.10 Summary 603......Page p0621.djvu
18.1 Introduction 608......Page p0626.djvu
18.2 Simple relative index numbers 612......Page p0630.djvu
18.3 Simple aggregate and simple average index numbers 617......Page p0635.djvu
18.4 Weighted aggregate price index numbers 619......Page p0637.djvu
18.5 The consumer price index 624......Page p0642.djvu
18.6 Deflation of time series 628......Page p0646.djvu
18.7 Index numbers as random variables 630......Page p0648.djvu
18.8 Summary 631......Page p0649.djvu
19.2 Goodness-of-fit tests 637......Page p0655.djvu
19.3 Tests for independence: Contingency tables 647......Page p0665.djvu
19.4 Summary 654......Page p0672.djvu
20.1 Introduction 661......Page p0679.djvu
20.2 Scales of measurement 662......Page p0680.djvu
20.3 One sample: The median test 664......Page p0682.djvu
20.4 Two independent samples: The Mann-Whitney test 665......Page p0683.djvu
20.5 Two matched samples: The Wilcoxon signed rank test 668......Page p0686.djvu
20.6 Several independent samples: The Kruskal-Wallis test 669......Page p0687.djvu
20.7 Rank correlation: Spearman's rho 672......Page p0690.djvu
20.8 Goodness of fit: The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Lilliefors tests 674......Page p0692.djvu
20.9 Randomness test: The runs test 680......Page p0698.djvu
20.10 Summary 682......Page p0700.djvu
21.1 Introduction 687......Page p0705.djvu
21.2 Structuring a statistical decision problem 688......Page p0706.djvu
21.3 Decision making under uncertainty 694......Page p0712.djvu
21.4 Summary 699......Page p0717.djvu
22.1 Introduction 703......Page p0721.djvu
22.2 Decision making under risk: discrete probabilities 704......Page p0722.djvu
22.3 Decision making under risk: continuous probabilities 717......Page p0735.djvu
22.4 Utility: when maximizing expected monetary value may not be an appropriate guide to action 723......Page p0741.djvu
22.5 Summary 724......Page p0742.djvu
23.1 Introduction 731......Page p0749.djvu
23.2 Decision making with a fixed sample size: binomial sampling 732......Page p0750.djvu
23.3 Determination of optimal sample size n and critical number x: Bernoulli process and binomial sampling 742......Page p0760.djvu
23.4 Revising probabilities: Bayes theorem for discrete prior and binomial sampling 744......Page p0762.djvu
23.5 Preposterior decision making with a normal prior distribution and normal sampling 748......Page p0766.djvu
23.6 Revising probabilities: Bayes theorem for a normal prior distribution and normal sampling 751......Page p0769.djvu
23.7 Terminal decision making when a sample has already been selected: normal process 754......Page p0772.djvu
23.8 A comparison of Bayesian and classical approaches 755......Page p0773.djvu
Appendix A Special topics: A calculus-based study of continuous random variables 763......Page p0781.djvu
B.1 Binomial probability tables 767......Page p0785.djvu
B.2 Poisson probabilities 776......Page p0794.djvu
B.3 Standard normal distribution areas 777......Page p0795.djvu
B.4 Values of F(λx) where X has the exponential distribution 778......Page p0796.djvu
B.5 The t-distribution 779......Page p0797.djvu
B.6 The χ^2-distribution 780......Page p0798.djvu
B.7 The F-distribution 782......Page p0800.djvu
B.8 Five-place logarithms 789......Page p0807.djvu
B.9 Critical values for Hartley's H-statistic 791......Page p0809.djvu
B.10 Unit normal losses 792......Page p0810.djvu
B.11 Critical values of the Mann-Whitney test statistic 793......Page p0811.djvu
B.12 Critical values of the Wilcoxon signed rank test statistic 797......Page p0815.djvu
B.13 Critical values of the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic for three samples and small sample size 798......Page p0816.djvu
B.14 Critical values of the Spearman test statistic 800......Page p0818.djvu
B.17 Critical values of the Lilliefors test statistic 801......Page p0819.djvu
B.17 Critical values of the runs statistic 802......Page p0820.djvu
B.18 Relationship between z and r 803......Page p0821.djvu
B.19 Random digits 804......Page p0822.djvu
Appendix C Answers to selected problems 805......Page p0823.djvu
Index 821......Page p0839.djvu