State-of-the-Art of Millimeter-Wave Silicon Technology

Contents
1 Evolution of Millimeter-Wave Silicon Technology
	1.1 Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications
		1.1.1 Regulatory Challenges and Spectrum Allocation
		1.1.2 Semiconductor Requirements by Application Area
	1.2 Millimeter-Wave Technology Overview
		1.2.1 CMOS versus BiCMOS Introductory Comparison
		1.2.2 State-of-the-Art Semiconductor Technologies
		1.2.3 Summary of Semiconductor Technology Options
	References
2 Millimeter-Wave Silicon Passive Components
	2.1 Challenges with Implementing Silicon Passives
		2.1.1 Ground Plane Requirements
		2.1.2 Implementing Ground Planes in Silicon MMICs
		2.1.3 Lossy Substrates and Narrow Transmission Lines
	2.2 Transmission Lines
		2.2.1 Inductive and Capacitive Quality Factors
		2.2.2 Microstrip and Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Lines
	2.3 Resistors
	2.4 Diodes
		2.4.1 Schottky Barrier Diodes
		2.4.2 PIN Diodes
		2.4.3 Varactor Diodes
	2.5 Capacitors
	2.6 Inductors
		2.6.1 Mm-wave Design Considerations
		2.6.2 Planar and 3-D Spiral Inductors
		2.6.3 Active Inductors
		2.6.4 Inductor Design Kits
	2.7 Through-Silicon Vias
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
3 Active Millimeter-Wave Silicon Devices
	3.1 Bipolar Transistors
		3.1.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
		3.1.2 Integrated BJTs
		3.1.3 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors
	3.2 MOS Transistors
		3.2.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
		3.2.2 Millimeter-Wave Operation
		3.2.3 Layout Effects
	3.3 Compact Modelling
		3.3.1 HBT Models
		3.3.2 FET Models
	3.4 Process Corner Modelling
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4 Passive Circuits and Building Blocks in Millimeter-Wave Silicon
	4.1 Matching Circuits and Impedance Transformation
		4.1.1 Matching Network Losses
	4.2 Power Combiners and Directional Couplers
		4.2.1 Power Combining Performance Metrics
		4.2.2 Mm-Wave Combiner Challenges
		4.2.3 T-Junction Dividers
		4.2.4 Wilkinson Dividers
		4.2.5 Capacitive Combiners
		4.2.6 Combiner Applications
		4.2.7 Quadrature Hybrid Couplers
		4.2.8 Coupler Applications
	4.3 Filters
		4.3.1 State-of-the-Art Bandpass Filters
		4.3.2 Silicon Integrated Passive Device Filters
		4.3.3 Broadside-Coupled Resonator BPF
	References
5 Solid-State Millimeter-Wave Silicon Amplifiers
	5.1 Amplifier Specifications
		5.1.1 Gain and Stability
		5.1.2 Linearity
		5.1.3 Bandwidth
		5.1.4 Efficiency
		5.1.5 Noise
	5.2 Amplifier Classification
	5.3 Low-Noise Amplifiers
		5.3.1 Millimeter-Wave Design Techniques
		5.3.2 LNA Operating Characteristics
		5.3.3 State-of-the-Art Silicon LNAs
	5.4 Power Amplifiers
		5.4.1 Millimeter-Wave PA Design Considerations
		5.4.2 State-of-the-Art Silicon PAs
		5.4.3 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
6 Frequency Synthesis and Conversion Circuits in Millimeter-Wave Silicon
	6.1 Oscillators
		6.1.1 Oscillator Performance Metrics
		6.1.2 Basic Oscillator Operating Principles
		6.1.3 Oscillator Architectures
	6.2 Mixers
		6.2.1 Basic Mixer Operating Principles
		6.2.2 Mixer Architectures
		6.2.3 Mm-wave Mixer Design
	References
7 High-Performance Si Data Converters for Millimeter-Wave Transceivers
	7.1 A/D Converters
		7.1.1 Architectures
		7.1.2 Mm-Wave A/D Converters
	7.2 D/A Converters
		7.2.1 Operating Principles
		7.2.2 Architectures
		7.2.3 Mm-wave D/A Converters
	7.3 Conclusion
	References
8 State-of-the-Art Millimeter-Wave Silicon Transceivers and Systems-on-Chip
	8.1 Radar and Remote Sensing SoCs
		8.1.1 Automotive Radar
		8.1.2 Imaging
	8.2 Wireless Communications
		8.2.1 IEEE 802.11ad/ay WiGig
		8.2.2 5G Mobile Communications
	8.3 6G and Future Mm-Wave Systems
		8.3.1 Evolution from 5 to 6G
		8.3.2 THz-Band Communication
		8.3.3 THZ Devices
	References