Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 31
About the Author......Page 33
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 24
 1.2 Why Program?......Page 38
  Hardware......Page 39
  Software......Page 42
  What Is a Program?......Page 43
  Java Applications and Applets......Page 45
  Language Elements......Page 46
  Variables......Page 48
  The Compiler and the Java Virtual Machine......Page 49
  Compiling and Running a Java Program......Page 51
 1.6 The Programming Process......Page 53
  Software Engineering......Page 55
 1.7 Object-Oriented Programming......Page 56
 Review Questions and Exercises......Page 58
 Programming Challenge......Page 62
 2.1 The Parts of a Java Program......Page 64
 2.2 The print and println Methods, and the Java API......Page 70
 2.3 Variables and Literals......Page 76
  Displaying Multiple Items with the + Operator......Page 77
  Be Careful with Quotation Marks......Page 78
  Identifiers......Page 79
 2.4 Primitive Data Types......Page 81
  The Integer Data Types......Page 83
  Floating-Point Data Types......Page 84
  The char Data Type......Page 87
  Variable Assignment and Initialization......Page 89
  Variables Hold Only One Value at a Time......Page 90
 2.5 Arithmetic Operators......Page 91
  Operator Precedence......Page 94
  Grouping with Parentheses......Page 96
  The Math Class......Page 99
 2.6 Combined Assignment Operators......Page 100
 2.7 Conversion between Primitive Data Types......Page 102
  Mixed Integer Operations......Page 104
  Other Mixed Mathematical Expressions......Page 105
 2.8 Creating Named Constants with final......Page 106
  Objects Are Created from Classes......Page 107
  Primitive Type Variables and Class Type Variables......Page 108
  Creating a String Object......Page 109
 2.10 Scope......Page 112
 2.11 Comments......Page 114
 2.12 Programming Style......Page 119
 2.13 Reading Keyboard Input......Page 121
  Mixing Calls to nextLine with Calls to Other Scanner Methods......Page 125
  Displaying Message Dialogs......Page 129
  An Example Program......Page 130
  Converting String Input to Numbers......Page 132
 2.15 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 136
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 137
  Programming Challenges......Page 142
 3.1 The if Statement......Page 148
  Using Relational Operators to Form Conditions......Page 150
  Putting It All Together......Page 151
  Programming Style and the if Statement......Page 155
  Having Multiple Conditionally Executed Statements......Page 156
  Comparing Characters......Page 157
 3.2 The if-else Statement......Page 158
 3.3 Nested if Statements......Page 161
 3.4 The if-else-if Statement......Page 168
 3.5 Logical Operators......Page 174
  The Precedence of Logical Operators......Page 180
  Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators......Page 181
 3.6 Comparing String Objects......Page 182
  Ignoring Case in String Comparisons......Page 187
 3.7 More about Variable Declaration and Scope......Page 188
 3.8 The Conditional Operator (Optional)......Page 189
 3.9 The switch Statement......Page 191
 3.10 Displaying Formatted Output with System.out.printf and String.format......Page 201
  Precision......Page 204
  Specifying a Minimum Field Width......Page 205
  Flags......Page 207
  Formatting String Arguments......Page 211
  The String.format Method......Page 212
 3.11 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 215
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 216
  Programming Challenges......Page 221
 4.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators......Page 226
  The Difference between Postfix and Prefix Modes......Page 229
 4.2 The while Loop......Page 230
  Infinite Loops......Page 233
  Don’t Forget the Braces with a Block of Statements......Page 234
  Programming Style and the while Loop......Page 235
 4.3 Using the while Loop for Input Validation......Page 237
 4.4 The do-while Loop......Page 241
 4.5 The for Loop......Page 244
  The for Loop Is a Pretest Loop......Page 247
  Declaring a Variable in the for Loop’s Initialization Expression......Page 248
  Creating a User Controlled for Loop......Page 249
  Using Multiple Statements in the Initialization and Update Expressions......Page 250
 4.6 Running Totals and Sentinel Values......Page 253
  Using a Sentinel Value......Page 256
 4.7 Nested Loops......Page 258
 4.9 Deciding Which Loop to Use......Page 266
  Using the PrintWriter Class to Write Data to a File......Page 267
  Appending Data to a File......Page 273
  Reading Data from a File......Page 274
  Reading Lines from a File with the nextLine Method......Page 275
  Adding a throws Clause to the Method Header......Page 278
  Checking for a File’s Existence......Page 282
 4.11 Generating Random Numbers with the Random Class......Page 286
 4.12 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 292
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 293
  Programming Challenges......Page 299
 5.1 Introduction to Methods......Page 306
  void Methods and Value-Returning Methods......Page 307
  Defining a void Method......Page 308
  Calling a Method......Page 309
  Hierarchical Method Calls......Page 314
  Using Documentation Comments with Methods......Page 315
 5.2 Passing Arguments to a Method......Page 316
  Argument and Parameter Data Type Compatibility......Page 318
  Passing Multiple Arguments......Page 319
  Arguments Are Passed by Value......Page 321
  Passing Object References to a Method......Page 322
  Using the @param Tag in Documentation Comments......Page 325
 5.3 More about Local Variables......Page 328
  Initializing Local Variables with Parameter Values......Page 329
  Defining a Value-Returning Method......Page 330
  Calling a Value-Returning Method......Page 332
  Using the @return Tag in Documentation Comments......Page 333
  Returning a Reference to an Object......Page 337
 5.5 Problem Solving with Methods......Page 339
 5.6 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 343
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 344
  Programming Challenges......Page 349
 6.1 Objects and Classes......Page 356
  Classes: Where Objects Come From......Page 357
  Classes in the Java API......Page 358
  Primitive Variables vs. Objects......Page 360
 6.2 Writing a Simple Class, Step by Step......Page 363
  The Importance of Data Hiding......Page 377
  Data Type and Parameter Notation in UML Diagrams......Page 378
  Layout of Class Members......Page 379
 6.3 Instance Fields and Methods......Page 380
 6.4 Constructors......Page 385
  The Default Constructor......Page 387
  Writing Your Own No-Arg Constructor......Page 388
  The String Class Constructor......Page 389
 6.5 Passing Objects as Arguments......Page 397
 6.6 Overloading Methods and Constructors......Page 409
  The BankAccount Class......Page 411
 6.7 Scope of Instance Fields......Page 417
  Shadowing......Page 418
 Explicit and Wildcard import Statements......Page 419
  Other API Packages......Page 420
  Finding the Classes......Page 421
  Identifying a Class’s Responsibilities......Page 424
 6.10 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 427
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 428
  Programming Challenges......Page 433
 7.1 Introduction to Arrays......Page 442
  Accessing Array Elements......Page 444
  Inputting and Outputting Array Contents......Page 445
  Java Performs Bounds Checking......Page 448
  Watch Out for Off-by-One Errors......Page 449
  Array Initialization......Page 450
  Alternate Array Declaration Notation......Page 451
 7.2 Processing Array Elements......Page 452
  Array Length......Page 454
  The Enhanced for Loop......Page 455
  Letting the User Specify an Array’s Size......Page 456
  Reassigning Array Reference Variables......Page 458
  Copying Arrays......Page 459
 7.3 Passing Arrays as Arguments to Methods......Page 461
  Comparing Arrays......Page 465
  Summing the Values in a Numeric Array......Page 466
  Finding the Highest and Lowest Values in a Numeric Array......Page 467
  The SalesData Class......Page 468
  Partially Filled Arrays......Page 476
  Working with Arrays and Files......Page 477
 7.5 Returning Arrays from Methods......Page 478
 7.6 String Arrays......Page 480
  Calling String Methods from an Array Element......Page 482
 7.7 Arrays of Objects......Page 483
 7.8 The Sequential Search Algorithm......Page 486
 7.9 Two-Dimensional Arrays......Page 489
  Initializing a Two-Dimensional Array......Page 493
  The length Field in a Two-Dimensional Array......Page 494
  Summing All the Elements of a Two-Dimensional Array......Page 496
  Summing the Columns of a Two-Dimensional Array......Page 497
  Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Methods......Page 498
  Ragged Arrays......Page 500
 7.10 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions......Page 501
  The Selection Sort Algorithm......Page 502
  The Binary Search Algorithm......Page 505
 7.12 Command-Line Arguments and Variable-Length Argument Lists......Page 507
  Command-Line Arguments......Page 508
  Variable-Length Argument Lists......Page 509
 7.13 The ArrayList Class......Page 511
  Creating and Using an ArrayList Object......Page 512
  Using the Enhanced for Loop with an ArrayList......Page 513
  The ArrayList Class’s toString method......Page 514
  Removing an Item from an ArrayList......Page 515
  Inserting an Item......Page 516
  Replacing an Item......Page 517
  Capacity......Page 518
  Using the Diamond Operator for Type Inference (Java 7)......Page 519
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 520
  Programming Challenges......Page 525
 A Quick Review of Instance Fields and Instance Methods......Page 532
  Static Fields......Page 533
  Static Methods......Page 536
 8.2 Passing Objects as Arguments to Methods......Page 539
 8.3 Returning Objects from Methods......Page 542
 8.4 The toString Method......Page 544
 8.5 Writing an equals Method......Page 548
 8.6 Methods That Copy Objects......Page 551
  Copy Constructors......Page 553
 8.7 Aggregation......Page 554
  Security Issues with Aggregate Classes......Page 562
  Avoid Using null References......Page 564
 8.8 The this Reference Variable......Page 567
  Using this to Overcome Shadowing......Page 568
  Using this to Call an Overloaded Constructor from Another Constructor......Page 569
 8.9 Enumerated Types......Page 570
  Enumerated Types Are Specialized Classes......Page 571
  Switching On an Enumerated Type......Page 577
 8.10 Garbage Collection......Page 579
 8.11 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaboration......Page 581
  Determining Class Collaborations with CRC Cards......Page 584
 8.12 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 585
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 586
  Programming Challenges......Page 590
 9.1 Introduction to Wrapper Classes......Page 596
 9.2 Character Testing and Conversion with the Character Class......Page 597
  Character Case Conversion......Page 602
  Searching for Substrings......Page 605
  Extracting Substrings......Page 612
  Methods That Return a Modified String......Page 616
  The Static valueOf Methods......Page 617
 9.4 The StringBuilder Class......Page 619
  The StringBuilder Constructors......Page 620
  Other StringBuilder Methods......Page 621
  The toString Method......Page 624
 9.5 Tokenizing Strings......Page 630
 9.6 Wrapper Classes for the Numeric Data Types......Page 634
  Autoboxing and Unboxing......Page 635
 9.7 Focus on Problem Solving: The TestScoreReader Class......Page 637
 9.8 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 641
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 642
  Programming Challenges......Page 645
  Generalization and Specialization......Page 650
  Inheritance and the “Is a” Relationship......Page 651
  Inheritance in UML Diagrams......Page 659
  The Superclass’s Constructor......Page 660
  Inheritance Does Not Work in Reverse......Page 662
 10.2 Calling the Superclass Constructor......Page 663
  When the Superclass Has No Default or No-Arg Constructors......Page 669
  Summary of Constructor Issues in Inheritance......Page 670
 10.3 Overriding Superclass Methods......Page 671
  Overloading versus Overriding......Page 676
  Preventing a Method from Being Overridden......Page 679
 10.4 Protected Members......Page 680
  Package Access......Page 685
 10.5 Chains of Inheritance......Page 686
 10.6 The Object Class......Page 692
 10.7 Polymorphism......Page 694
  Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding......Page 695
  The “Is-a” Relationship Does Not Work in Reverse......Page 697
  The instanceof Operator......Page 698
 10.8 Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods......Page 699
  Abstract Classes in UML......Page 705
 10.9 Interfaces......Page 706
  An Interface is a Contract......Page 708
  Interfaces in UML......Page 712
  Default Methods......Page 713
  Polymorphism and Interfaces......Page 715
 10.10 Anonymous Inner Classes......Page 720
 10.11 Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions......Page 723
 10.12 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 728
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 729
  Programming Challenges......Page 735
 11.1 Handling Exceptions......Page 740
  Exception Classes......Page 741
  Handling an Exception......Page 742
  Retrieving the Default Error Message......Page 746
  Using Multiple catch Clauses to Handle Multiple Exceptions......Page 749
  The finally Clause......Page 757
  The Stack Trace......Page 759
  Handling Multiple Exceptions with One catch Clause (Java 7)......Page 760
  When an Exception Is Not Caught......Page 762
  Checked and Unchecked Exceptions......Page 763
 11.2 Throwing Exceptions......Page 764
  Creating Your Own Exception Classes......Page 767
  Using the @exception Tag in Documentation Comments......Page 770
  Binary Files......Page 771
  Random Access Files......Page 778
  Object Serialization......Page 783
  Serializing Aggregate Objects......Page 787
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 788
  Programming Challenges......Page 794
 12.1 Introduction......Page 798
  The JFC, AWT, and Swing......Page 799
 12.2 Creating Windows......Page 801
  Using Inheritance to Extend the JFrame Class......Page 804
  Equipping GUI Classes with a main Method......Page 806
  Adding Components to a Window......Page 808
  Handling Events with Action Listeners......Page 814
  Writing an Event Listener for the KiloConverter Class......Page 816
  Background and Foreground Colors......Page 821
  The ActionEvent Object......Page 825
 12.3 Layout Managers......Page 830
  The FlowLayout Manager......Page 831
  The BorderLayout Manager......Page 834
  The GridLayout Manager......Page 841
  Radio Buttons......Page 847
  Check Boxes......Page 853
 12.5 Borders......Page 858
  The Brandi’s Bagel House Application......Page 861
  The GreetingPanel Class......Page 862
  The BagelPanel Class......Page 863
  The ToppingPanel Class......Page 865
  The CoffeePanel Class......Page 867
  Putting It All Together......Page 869
 12.7 Splash Screens......Page 873
 12.8 Using Console Output to Debug a GUI Application......Page 874
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 879
  Programming Challenges......Page 882
 13.1 The Swing and AWT Class Hierarchy......Page 886
 13.2 Read-Only Text Fields......Page 887
  Selection Modes......Page 889
  Responding to List Events......Page 890
  Retrieving the Selected Item......Page 891
  Adding a Scroll Bar to a List......Page 895
  Multiple Selection Lists......Page 900
 13.4 Combo Boxes......Page 905
  Retrieving the Selected Item......Page 906
 13.5 Displaying Images in Labels and Buttons......Page 911
  Mnemonics......Page 917
 13.7 File Choosers and Color Choosers......Page 919
  File Choosers......Page 920
  Color Choosers......Page 922
 13.8 Menus......Page 923
  Text Areas......Page 932
  Fonts......Page 935
 13.10 Sliders......Page 936
 13.11 Look and Feel......Page 941
 13.12 Common Errors to Avoid......Page 943
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 944
  Programming Challenges......Page 949
 14.1 Introduction to Applets......Page 954
  Hypertext......Page 956
  Document Structure Tags......Page 957
  Text Formatting Tags......Page 959
  Creating Breaks in Text......Page 961
  Inserting Links......Page 964
 14.3 Creating Applets with Swing......Page 965
  Running an Applet......Page 967
  Handling Events in an Applet......Page 969
 14.4 Using AWT for Portability......Page 974
  Graphics Objects......Page 979
  The repaint Method......Page 993
  Drawing on Panels......Page 994
  Handling Mouse Events......Page 1000
 14.7 Timer Objects......Page 1010
 14.8 Playing Audio......Page 1014
  Using an AudioClip Object......Page 1015
  Playing Audio in an Application......Page 1018
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 1019
  Programming Challenges......Page 1025
 15.1 Introduction......Page 1028
 15.2 Scene Graphs......Page 1030
 15.3 Using Scene Builder to Create JavaFX Applications......Page 1032
  Starting Scene Builder......Page 1033
  The Scene Builder Main Window......Page 1034
 15.4 Writing the Application Code......Page 1046
  The Main Application Class......Page 1047
  The Controller Class......Page 1049
  Using the Sample Controller Skeleton......Page 1054
  Summary of Creating a JavaFX Application......Page 1055
  RadioButtons......Page 1056
  Determining in Code Whether a RadioButton Is Selected......Page 1058
  Responding to RadioButton Events......Page 1061
  CheckBoxes......Page 1064
  Determining in Code Whether a CheckBox Is Selected......Page 1065
  Responding to CheckBox Events......Page 1067
 15.6 Displaying Images......Page 1070
  Displaying an Image with Code......Page 1071
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 1075
  Programming Challenges......Page 1079
 16.1 Introduction to Recursion......Page 1084
 16.2 Solving Problems with Recursion......Page 1087
  Direct and Indirect Recursion......Page 1091
  Summing a Range of Array Elements with Recursion......Page 1092
  Drawing Concentric Circles......Page 1093
  The Fibonacci Series......Page 1095
  Finding the Greatest Common Divisor......Page 1097
 16.4 A Recursive Binary Search Method......Page 1098
 16.5 The Towers of Hanoi......Page 1101
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 1106
  Programming Challenges......Page 1109
 17.1 Introduction to Database Management Systems......Page 1112
  JDBC......Page 1113
  Using a DBMS......Page 1114
  Connecting to the CoffeeDB Database......Page 1115
  Connecting to a Password-Protected Database......Page 1117
 17.2 Tables, Rows, and Columns......Page 1118
  Primary Keys......Page 1120
 17.3 Introduction to the SQL SELECT Statement......Page 1121
  Passing an SQL Statement to the DBMS......Page 1123
  Specifying Search Criteria with the WHERE Clause......Page 1133
  Sorting the Results of a SELECT Query......Page 1139
  Mathematical Functions......Page 1140
 17.4 Inserting Rows......Page 1143
  Inserting Rows with JDBC......Page 1145
 17.5 Updating and Deleting Existing Rows......Page 1147
  Updating Rows with JDBC......Page 1148
  Deleting Rows with JDBC......Page 1152
 17.6 Creating and Deleting Tables......Page 1156
 17.7 Creating a New Database with JDBC......Page 1159
 17.8 Scrollable Result Sets......Page 1161
 17.9 Result Set Metadata......Page 1162
 17.10 Displaying Query Results in a JTable......Page 1166
 17.11 Relational Data......Page 1176
  Joining Data from Multiple Tables......Page 1179
  An Order Entry System......Page 1180
  Transactions......Page 1198
  Stored Procedures......Page 1199
  Review Questions and Exercises......Page 1200
  Programming Challenges......Page 1205
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 M......Page 1217
 O......Page 1218
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