Standard of Living: Essays on Economics, History, and Religion in Honor of John E. Murray

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Urbanization, Sanitation, and Mortality in the Progressive Era, 1899–1929
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Data
		1.2.1 Mortality Data and Variables
		1.2.2 Financial Data and Variables
		1.2.3 Control Variables
	1.3 The Regression Model
	1.4 Results
	1.5 Summary and Conclusion
	Appendix: Murray Reminiscences
	References
Chapter 2: The Continuing Puzzle of Hypertension Among African Americans: Developmental Origins and the Mid-century Socioeconomic Transformation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Background
	2.3 Creating a Vulnerable Population
	2.4 Controls
	2.5 Testing the Hypothesis: Data and Methods
	2.6 Results
	2.7 Discussion
	2.8 Conclusions
	Appendix: Murray Reflections by Richard Steckel
	References
Chapter 3: Health and Safety vs. Freedom of Contract: The Tortured Path of Wage and Hours Limits Through the State Legislatures and the Courts
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Shifting Restrictions for Labor Contracts
		3.2.1 The Rules and How They Varied Across States
		3.2.2 Hours Restrictions and Freedom to Contract
			3.2.2.1 Hours Restrictions for Males
			3.2.2.2 Allowing Paternalistic Hours Restrictions for Women and Children
	3.3 Minimum Wage Laws
		3.3.1 The Initial Laws and Court Decisions
		3.3.2 State Responses to the Adkins’ Decision Over the Next Decade
		3.3.3 Restrictions Imposed by the National Recovery Administration
		3.3.4 The Path to a Constitutional Minimum Wages
	3.4 Concluding Remarks
	Appendix: Fishback on Murray
	References
Chapter 4: Sickness Experience in England, 1870–1949
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Data
	4.3 Trends in Sickness in the Hampshire Friendly Society
	4.4 Factors Associated with Morbidity Trends
	4.5 Prevalence, Incidence and Duration of Sickness
	4.6 Conclusion
	Appendix: Analysis of the Apparent Increase in the Duration of Sickness Among the Independent Order of Oddfellows Between 1866–1870 and 1893–1897
		Sickness Episodes in Progress at the Start of the Investigation
		Watson’s 12-Month ‘Off’ Period
		Watson’s Treatment of Sickness Claims Spanning More Than One Calendar Year
		Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Friendly Societies and Sickness Coverage in the Absence of State Provision in Spain (1870–1935)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Origins of the Friendly Societies in Spain: A Historical Synthesis
	5.3 The Expansion of the Medical and Pharmaceutical Provision of Friendly Societies in Spain (1914–1936)
	5.4 Final Reflection
	References
Chapter 6: A Difficult Consensus: The Making of the Spanish Welfare State
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Early Measures and Sources of Social Conflict
	6.3 From Voluntary, State-Subsidized Insurance to Compulsory Insurance
	6.4 The Second Republic: Momentum and Limitations
	6.5 The Franco Dictatorship: A Conservative Social Insurance Model
	6.6 Democracy and Convergence with Europe
	6.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: The Effect of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on US Life Insurance Holdings
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Early-Twentieth-Century Life Insurance
	7.3 The 1919 Increase in Demand for Life Insurance
	7.4 The 1918–1919 Influenza Epidemic
	7.5 1918–1919 Cost of Living Surveys and Mortality Data
		7.5.1 Selection Concerns
		7.5.2 Variables and Predicted Effects
		7.5.3 Results
			7.5.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis
	7.6 1916–1923 Spectator Yearbook Life Insurance Sales Data
	7.7 Conclusion
	Appendix: A Tribute to John
	References
Chapter 8: “Theft of Oneself”: Runaway Servants in Early Maryland: Deterrence, Punishment, and Apprehension
	8.1 Introduction/Summary
	8.2 The Puzzle in Runaway Law in Seventeenth-Century Maryland
	8.3 The Structure of Indentured Servant Contracts and the Incentive to Run Away
	8.4 Application to Seventeenth-Century Maryland
	8.5 Escape and Apprehension Strategies in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Maryland
	8.6 Conclusions
	Appendix: Grubb’s Murray Tribute
	References
Chapter 9: Adult Guardianship and Local Politics in Rhode Island, 1750–1800
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Rhode Island and Adult Guardianship
	9.3 Hopkinton
	9.4 Conclusion
	Appendix: Herndon on Murray
	References
Chapter 10: Later-Life Realizations of Maryland’s Mid-Nineteenth-Century Pauper Apprentices
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Craft and Pauper Apprentices
	10.3 The Evolution of Pauper Apprenticeship in Maryland
	10.4 Data
		10.4.1 A Sample of Maryland’s Craft and Pauper Apprentices
		10.4.2 Matching Maryland’s Pauper Youth to Adults
	10.5 Comparing Later-Life Outcomes of Pauper and Craft Apprentices
		10.5.1 Outcome Measures
		10.5.2 Realized Outcomes
	10.6 Regression Estimates the Relative Returns to Pauper Apprenticeship
	10.7 Conclusions
	Appendix: Remembrance of John Murray
	References
		Data Sources
Chapter 11: Family Allocation Strategy in the Late Nineteenth Century
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Intrahousehold Allocation in the Historical Record
	11.3 Conceptualizing Intrahousehold Allocation
		11.3.1 Theory
		11.3.2 Empirical Strategy
		11.3.3 Data
	11.4 Intrahousehold Allocation in the Late Nineteenth Century
		11.4.1 Gender and Intrahousehold Allocation
		11.4.2 The Efficiency of Intrahousehold Allocation
	11.5 Explaining the Finding
		11.5.1 Future Cooperation in the Household
		11.5.2 Retained Earnings and Nonwage Benefits
	11.6 Conclusion
	Appendixes
		Appendix A: Reflection on Murray
		Appendix B: Expenditure Equivalent Ratios
	References
Chapter 12: Child Labor and Industrialization in Early Republican Turkey
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Child Labor in the 1920s
	12.3 The Labor Law of 1936
	12.4 The Aftermath of the Labor Law
	12.5 Conclusion
	Appendix: Remembrance of John Murray
	Bibliography
		Primary Sources
		Published Primary Sources
		Secondary Sources
Chapter 13: Orphans, Widows, and the Economics of the Early Church
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Orphans in the Greco-Roman World
	13.3 Widows in the Greco-Roman World
	13.4 Two Case Studies
		13.4.1 Acts 6:1–6
		13.4.2 1 Timothy 5:3–16
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: An Economic Approach to Religious Communes: The Shakers
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Shakers
	14.3 Living Standards
	14.4 Membership
	14.5 Productivity, Organization, and Land Accumulation
	14.6 Market Integration and Specialization
	14.7 Conclusion
	Appendix: Coşgel on Murray
	References
Chapter 15: Religion, Human Capital, and Economic Diversity in Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 The Principality of Hesse-Cassel: Religion and Politics
	15.3 The Geography of Religious Faith
		15.3.1 Where Did the Protestants, Catholics, and Jews Live?
		15.3.2 A Diversity of Protestants
	15.4 Hessian Communities and Their Diverse Socioeconomic Structures
	15.5 Occupation and Religious Identity
	15.6 Conclusion
	Appendix: Wegge on Murray
	References
Chapter 16: Productivity, Mortality, and Technology in European and US Coal Mining, 1800–1913
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Labor Productivity and Fatality Rates in the Long-Term
	16.3 Small-Scale Technologies in Europe: A Brief Review
	16.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17: Breathing Apparatus for Mine Rescue in the UK, 1890s–1920s
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Collective Invention, Open-Source Invention and User Innovation
	17.3 Underground Perils
	17.4 Varieties of Breathing Apparatus
	17.5 The Inventive Community
	17.6 The Institution of Mining Engineers and Transactions
	17.7 The Rotherham Apparatus
	17.8 Conclusion
	Appendix: Singleton on Murray
	References
Chapter 18: Grain Market Integration in Late Colonial Mexico
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Maize and Wheat Prices
	18.3 Volatility
	18.4 Dispersion of Prices Across Different Markets
	18.5 Adjustment to Shocks in Price Ratios
	18.6 Mutual Adjustment of Maize and Wheat Prices
	18.7 Shortages and Market Integration
	18.8 Conclusion
	18.9 Appendix: Challú on Murray
	References
Chapter 19: William McKinley, Optimal Reneging, and the Spanish-American War
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 McKinley and the Decision to Go to War
		19.2.1 Background
		19.2.2 Explanations for McKinley’s Decision to Go to War
		19.2.3 An Alternative View
	19.3 The Model
	19.4 Implications and Discussion
		19.4.1 Relative Military Capability: Measurement, Time Series Properties, and Fat Tails
		19.4.2 A Monte Carlo Experiment
	19.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Capitalism and the Good Society: The Original Case for and Against Commerce
	References
Chapter 21: Situating Southern Influences in James M. Buchanan and Modern Public Choice Economics
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 John C. Calhoun Was Not the Public Choice “Lodestar”
	21.3 Donald C. Davidson and the Southern Agrarians Did Not Shape Buchanan’s Vision
	21.4 So Who Influenced Buchanan?
	21.5 Conclusion
	Appendix: Carden on Murray
	References
Chapter 22: John Murray: A Teacher, a Mentor, and a Friend