Standard handbook of machine design

Front Matter......Page 1
Contributors......Page 4
Preface to the First Edition......Page 6
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 13
1.1 The Designer and the Designer's Problems......Page 31
1.2 Decisions and Their Identification......Page 40
1.3 Adequacy Assessment......Page 45
1.4 Communication of Engineering Information......Page 50
1.5 Legal Considerations in Design......Page 64
1.6 Standards, Codes, and Governmental Regulations in Design......Page 66
1.7 Sources of Standards, Codes, Governmental Regulations, Indexes, and Standardization Activities......Page 70
References......Page 73
2. Statistical Considerations......Page 79
2.1 Introduction......Page 80
2.2 Histographic Evidence......Page 81
2.3 Useful Distributions......Page 87
2.4 Random-Variable Algebra......Page 91
2.5 Stochastic Endurance Limit by Correlation and by Test......Page 94
2.6 Interference......Page 97
2.7 Numbers......Page 103
References......Page 105
3.1 The Measurement Problem......Page 107
3.2 Definition of Measurement......Page 109
3.3 Standards of Measurement......Page 110
3.4 The Measuring System......Page 111
3.5 Calibration......Page 113
3.6 Design of the Measuring System......Page 114
3.7 Selected Measuring-System Components and Examples......Page 132
3.8 Sources of Error in Measurements......Page 146
3.9 Analysis of Data......Page 149
3.10 Confidence Limits......Page 155
References......Page 160
Additional References......Page 161
4.1 Numbers......Page 162
4.2 Functions......Page 164
4.3 Series......Page 167
4.4 Approximations and Error......Page 168
4.5 Finite-Difference Approximations......Page 177
4.6 Numerical Integration......Page 179
4.7 Curve Fitting for Precision Points......Page 181
4.8 Curve Fitting by Least Squares......Page 183
4.9 Curve Fitting for Several Variables......Page 186
4.10 Interpolation......Page 187
4.11 Root Finding......Page 189
4.12 Systems of Equations......Page 195
4.13 Optimization Techniques......Page 198
References......Page 199
5. Computational Considerations......Page 200
5.1 Introduction......Page 202
5.2 An Algorithmic Approach to Design......Page 203
5.3 Analysis Tasks......Page 208
5.4 Mathematical Tasks......Page 212
5.5 Statistical Tasks......Page 220
5.6 Optimization Tasks......Page 221
5.7 Simulation......Page 224
References......Page 230
6.1 General Principles in Design for Wear Resistance......Page 231
6.2 Steps in Design for Wear Life Without Selecting Materials......Page 234
6.3 Wear Equations......Page 236
6.4 Steps in Selecting Materials for Wear Resistance......Page 237
6.5 Material-Selection Procedure......Page 244
Bibliography......Page 248
7.1 Structure of Solids......Page 249
7.2 Atomic Bonding Forces......Page 250
7.3 Atomic Structures......Page 252
7.4 Crystal Imperfections......Page 259
7.5 Slip in Crystalline Solids......Page 263
7.6 Mechanical Strength......Page 265
7.7 Mechanical Properties and Tests......Page 268
7.8 Hardness......Page 269
7.9 The Tensile Test......Page 273
7.10 Tensile Properties......Page 280
7.11 Strength, Stress, and Strain Relations......Page 284
7.12 Impact Strength......Page 290
7.13 Creep Strength......Page 291
7.14 Mechanical-Property Data......Page 294
7.15 Numbering Systems......Page 299
References......Page 303
8. The Strength of Cold-Worked and Heat-Treated Steels......Page 304
8.1 Introduction......Page 305
8.2 Strength of Plastically Deformed Materials......Page 306
8.3 Estimating Ultimate Strength after Plastic Strains......Page 307
8.4 Estimating Yield Strength after Plastic Strains......Page 311
8.5 Estimating Ultimate Strength of Heat-Treated Plain Carbon Steels......Page 312
8.6 Estimating Ultimate Strength of Heat-Treated Low-Alloy Steels......Page 314
8.8 Computer Programs......Page 332
Recommended Reading......Page 337
9. Usability......Page 338
9.1 Designing for Human Body Size......Page 339
9.2 Designing for Human Body Posture......Page 342
9.3 Designing for Reach and Mobility......Page 346
9.4 Designing for Human Force and Power......Page 350
9.5 Designing for Fast and Accurate Control Activation......Page 354
9.6 Designing Labels and Warnings......Page 360
9.7 Designing for Vision......Page 361
9.8 Designing for Material Handling......Page 362
References......Page 365
Addresses......Page 366
10.2 What is Safety?......Page 367
10.3 Hazard, Risk, and Danger......Page 368
10.4 Designer's Obligation......Page 370
10.5 Human Factors/Ergonomics......Page 386
References......Page 388
Recommended Reading......Page 390
11. Minimizing Engineering Effort......Page 391
11.1 Introduction......Page 392
11.2 Reducing the Number of Experiments......Page 393
11.3 Similitude......Page 397
11.4 Optimality......Page 399
11.5 Quadrature......Page 403
11.6 Checking......Page 405
References......Page 411
12. Strength under Static Circumstances......Page 412
12.1 Permissible Stresses and Strains......Page 413
12.2 Theory of Static Failure......Page 414
12.3 Stress Concentration......Page 418
12.4 Fracture Mechanics......Page 422
12.5 Nonferrous Metals......Page 428
References......Page 431
13. Strength under Dynamic Conditions......Page 433
13.1 Testing Methods and Presentation of Results......Page 435
13.2 SN Diagram for Sinusoidal and Random Loading......Page 439
13.3 Fatigue-Strength Modification Factors......Page 441
13.4 Fluctuating Stress......Page 456
13.5 Complicated Stress-Variation Patterns......Page 461
13.6 Strength at Critical Locations......Page 463
13.7 Combined Loading......Page 468
13.8 Surface Fatigue......Page 473
References......Page 476
Recommended Reading......Page 477
14.1 Definitions and Terminology......Page 478
14.3 Arc Shielding......Page 479
14.4 Nature of the Arc......Page 481
14.5 Overcoming Current Limitations......Page 482
14.6 Commercial Arc-Welding Processes......Page 483
14.7 Arc-Welding Consumables......Page 495
14.8 Design of Welded Joints......Page 500
14.9 Codes and Specifications for Welds......Page 516
15. Instabilities in Beams and Columns......Page 527
15.1 Euler's Formula......Page 528
15.2 Effective Length......Page 530
15.3 Generalization of the Problem......Page 532
15.4 Modified Buckling Formulas......Page 533
15.5 Stress-Limiting Criterion......Page 534
15.6 Beam-Column Analysis......Page 538
15.7 Approximate Method......Page 539
15.8 Instability of Beams......Page 540
References......Page 544
16. Curved Beams and Rings......Page 545
16.2 Castigliano's Theorem......Page 546
16.3 Ring Segments with One Support......Page 547
16.4 Rings with Simple Supports......Page 554
16.5 Ring Segments with Fixed Ends......Page 559
References......Page 566
17.1 Elastomeric Seal Rings......Page 567
17.2 Seals for Rotary Motion......Page 570
17.3 Seals for Reciprocating Motion......Page 575
References......Page 581
18. Flywheels......Page 582
18.2 Sizing the Flywheel......Page 584
18.3 Stress......Page 594
18.4 Flywheels for Energy Storage......Page 601
18.5 Strength and Safety......Page 602
References......Page 606
19. Limits and Fits......Page 607
19.2 Metric Standards......Page 608
19.4 Interference-Fit Stresses......Page 615
19.5 Absolute Tolerances......Page 619
19.6 Statistical Tolerances......Page 622
References......Page 624
20. Power Screws......Page 625
20.1 Introduction......Page 626
20.2 Kinematics......Page 627
20.3 Mechanics......Page 630
20.4 Buckling and Deflection......Page 632
20.5 Stresses......Page 633
20.6 Ball Screws......Page 634
20.7 Other Design Considerations......Page 636
References......Page 637
21.1 Screw Threads......Page 638
21.2 Bolts......Page 642
21.3 Screws......Page 648
21.4 Nuts......Page 665
21.5 Tapping Screws......Page 672
Reference......Page 675
22.1 Rivets......Page 676
22.2 Pins......Page 683
22.3 Eyelets and Grommets......Page 685
22.4 Retaining Rings......Page 691
22.5 Keys......Page 699
22.6 Washers......Page 701
References......Page 704
23. Bolted and Riveted Joints......Page 705
23.1 Shear Loading of Joints......Page 708
23.2 Eccentric Loads on Shear Joints......Page 715
23.3 Tension-Loaded Joints: Preloading of Bolts......Page 720
23.5 Fatigue Loading of Bolted and Riveted Joints......Page 733
23.6 Programming Suggestions for Joints Loaded in Tension......Page 740
References......Page 742
24. Springs......Page 744
24.2 Glossary of Spring Terminology......Page 745
24.3 Selection of Spring Materials......Page 747
24.4 Helical Compression Springs......Page 753
24.5 Helical Extension Springs......Page 770
34.6 Gear Strength......Page 0
24.7 Belleville Spring Washer......Page 781
24.8 Special Spring Washers......Page 792
24.9 Flat Springs......Page 796
24.10 Constant-Force Springs......Page 799
24.11 Torsion Bars......Page 803
24.12 Power Springs......Page 804
24.13 Hot-Wound Springs......Page 807
References......Page 810
25.1 Functions and Types of Lubricant......Page 812
25.2 Selection of Lubricant Type......Page 813
25.3 Liquid Lubricants: Principles and Requirements......Page 814
25.4 Lubricant Viscosity......Page 817
25.5 Boundary Lubrication......Page 820
25.6 Deterioration Problems......Page 823
25.7 Selecting the Oil Type......Page 825
25.8 Lubricating Greases......Page 828
25.9 Solid Lubricants......Page 833
25.11 Lubricant Feed Systems......Page 837
25.12 Lubricant Storage......Page 840
References......Page 841
26.2 Standard Classification System for Nonmetallic Gasket Materials......Page 842
26.3 Gasket Properties, Test Methods, and Their Significance in Gasketed Joints......Page 843
26.4 Permeability Properties......Page 844
26.5 Load-Bearing Properties......Page 848
26.6 Environmental Conditions......Page 853
26.7 Gasket Design and Selection Procedure......Page 854
26.8 Gasket Compression and Stress-Distribution Testing......Page 863
References......Page 864
27. Rolling-Contact Bearings......Page 866
27.1 Introduction......Page 867
27.2 Load-Life Relation for Constant Reliability......Page 872
27.3 Survival Relation at Steady Load......Page 873
27.4 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability Goal......Page 874
27.5 Combined Radial and Thrust Loadings......Page 877
27.7 Variable Loading......Page 878
27.8 Misalignment......Page 881
References......Page 882
28. Journal Bearings......Page 883
28.1 Introduction......Page 885
28.2 Bearing and Journal Configurations......Page 886
28.3 Bearing Materials and Selection Criteria......Page 889
28.4 Pressure Equation for a Lubricating Film......Page 895
28.5 Journal Bearing Performance......Page 898
28.6 Liquid-Lubricated Journal Bearings......Page 902
28.7 Gas-Lubricated Journal Bearings......Page 925
28.8 Hydrostatic Journal Bearing Design......Page 934
References......Page 939
29. Couplings......Page 941
29.1 General......Page 942
29.2 Rigid Couplings......Page 947
29.3 Flexible Metallic Couplings......Page 949
29.4 Flexible Elastomeric Couplings......Page 959
29.5 Universal Joints and Rotating-Link Couplings......Page 965
29.6 Methods of Attachment......Page 972
References......Page 973
Bibliography......Page 974
30. Clutches and Brakes......Page 975
30.1 Types, Uses, Advantages, and Characteristics......Page 978
30.2 Torque and Energy Considerations......Page 988
30.3 Temperature Considerations......Page 995
30.4 Friction Materials......Page 997
30.5 Torque and Force Analysis of Rim Clutches and Brakes......Page 999
30.6 Band and Cone Brakes and Clutches......Page 1008
30.7 Disk Clutches and Brakes......Page 1014
30.8 Electromagnetic Types......Page 1019
30.9 Actuation Problems......Page 1022
Suggested Reading......Page 1024
31. Belt Drives......Page 1025
31.1 General......Page 1026
31.2 Flat-Belt Drive......Page 1038
31.3 V-Belt Drive......Page 1043
31.4 Synchronous-Belt Drive......Page 1049
31.5 Other Belt Drives......Page 1059
31.6 Comparison of Belt Drives......Page 1061
32. Chain Drives......Page 1065
32.1 Types, Uses, and Characteristics......Page 1066
32.2 Roller Chains: Nomenclature and Dimensions......Page 1068
32.3 Selection of Roller-Chain Drives......Page 1071
32.4 Lubrication and Wear......Page 1078
32.5 Engineering Steel Chains: Nomenclature and Dimensions......Page 1082
32.6 Selection of Offset-Sidebar-Chain Drives......Page 1084
32.7 Silent Chains: Nomenclature and Dimensions......Page 1089
32.8 Selection of Silent-Chain Drives......Page 1092
References......Page 1096
33.1 Definitions......Page 1097
33.2 Tooth Dimensions and Standards......Page 1100
33.3 Force Analysis......Page 1101
33.4 Fundamental AGMA Rating Formulas......Page 1102
34.2 Terminology......Page 1106
34.3 Gear Manufacturing......Page 1112
34.4 Gear Design Considerations......Page 1115
34.5 Gear-Tooth Dimensions......Page 1124
34.7 Design of Mountings......Page 1155
34.8 Computer-Aided Design......Page 1160
35.1 Introduction......Page 1162
35.3 Advantages......Page 1163
35.4 Geometry......Page 1166
35.5 Load Rating......Page 1169
References......Page 1218
36. Worm Gearing......Page 1219
36.1 Introduction......Page 1220
36.2 Kinematics......Page 1221
36.4 Force Analysis......Page 1223
36.5 Strength and Power Rating......Page 1227
36.6 Heat Dissipation......Page 1230
36.7 Design Standards......Page 1231
36.8 Double-Enveloping Gear Sets......Page 1236
Additional Reference......Page 1240
37. Shafts......Page 1241
37.1 Introduction......Page 1242
37.2 Distortion Due to Bending......Page 1243
37.3 Distortion Due to Transverse Shear......Page 1248
37.5 Shaft Materials......Page 1253
37.6 Load-Induced Stresses......Page 1254
37.7 Strength......Page 1255
37.8 Critical Speeds......Page 1257
37.9 Hollow Shafts......Page 1259
Recommended Reading......Page 1261
38.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems......Page 1262
38.3 Systems with Several Degrees of Freedom......Page 1280
38.4 Vibration Isolation......Page 1289
References......Page 1291
39. A Thesaurus of Mechanisms......Page 1292
40.1 Cam Mechanism Types, Characteristics, and Motions......Page 1319
40.2 Basic Cam Motions......Page 1324
40.3 Layout and Design Manufacturing Considerations......Page 1335
40.4 Force and Torque Analysis......Page 1340
40.5 Contact Stress and Wear: Programming......Page 1343
References......Page 1346
41.1 Basic Linkage Concepts......Page 1347
41.4 Plane Four-Bar Linkage......Page 1350
41.6 Kinematic Analysis of the Planar Four-Bar Linkage......Page 1354
41.7 Dimensional Synthesis of the Planar Four-Bar Linkage: Motion Generation......Page 1356
41.8 Dimensional Synthesis of the Planar Four-Bar Linkage: Crank-Angle Coordination......Page 1364
41.9 Pole-Force Method......Page 1366
41.10 Spatial Linkages......Page 1367
References......Page 1368
42.1 Introduction......Page 1370
42.2 Load-Dominated Energy Transmission System......Page 1373
42.3 Machine-Cycle Analysis......Page 1374
42.4 Load Plots......Page 1376
References......Page 1378
43. Fluid Power Systems and Circuit Design......Page 1379
43.2 Flow Plots......Page 1380
43.3 Power Plots......Page 1381
43.5 Circuit Design......Page 1382
43.6 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Circuits......Page 1383
43.7 Constant-Flow Versus Demand-Flow Circuits?Open Loop......Page 1390
43.8 Demand-Flow Circuits......Page 1398
43.11 Effect of Fluid Characteristics on Actuator Performance......Page 1406
43.12 Effect of Fluid Characteristics on Control-Valve Performance......Page 1409
43.13 Basic Pneumatic Power Circuit......Page 1410
43.14 Fluid Logic Systems......Page 1416
References......Page 1425
44.1 Introduction......Page 1427
44.3 Metal Attack Mechanisms......Page 1428
References......Page 1454
45.1 Introduction......Page 1455
45.2 Noise Measurement and Analysis......Page 1456
45.3 Noise Effects and Standards......Page 1469
45.4 Noise Control......Page 1472
References......Page 1491
46.1 Ordinary Gear Trains......Page 1493
46.2 Gear Type Selection......Page 1495
46.3 Planetary Gear Trains......Page 1497
46.4 Differential Trains......Page 1506
References......Page 1508
47.1 Introduction......Page 1509
47.2 Design and Function......Page 1514
47.3 Structural Design......Page 1516
47.4 Actuation and Power Transmission Systems......Page 1520
47.5 Sensing Systems......Page 1525
47.6 Computer Hardware and Software Organization......Page 1529
47.7 Controller Design......Page 1534
47.8 Geometric Design......Page 1537
References......Page 1547
48.1 Centroids and Center of Gravity......Page 1548
48.2 Second Moments of Areas......Page 1558
48.3 Preferred Numbers and Sizes......Page 1561
48.4 Sizes and Tolerances of Steel Sheets and Bars......Page 1564
References......Page 1584
49.1 Definitions and Notation......Page 1585
49.2 Triaxial Stress......Page 1587
49.3 Stress-Strain Relations......Page 1588
49.4 Flexure......Page 1594
49.5 Stresses Due to Temperature......Page 1598
49.6 Contact Stresses......Page 1601
References......Page 1606
50. Deflection......Page 1607
50.1 Stiffness or Spring Rate......Page 1608
50.4 Computer Analysis......Page 1609
50.5 Analysis of Frames......Page 1621
Conversion Factors A to Convert Input X to Output Y Using the Formula Yÿ=ÿAX......Page 1629
List of Symbols in General Use in Machine Design......Page 1630
A......Page 1631
B......Page 1635
C......Page 1641
D......Page 1651
E......Page 1657
F......Page 1659
G......Page 1665
H......Page 1668
I......Page 1670
J......Page 1672
L......Page 1673
M......Page 1677
N......Page 1681
O......Page 1684
P......Page 1685
R......Page 1689
S......Page 1694
T......Page 1707
U......Page 1711
V......Page 1713
W......Page 1714
Y......Page 1715
Z......Page 1716