Standard guidelines for artificial recharge of ground water

Content: 1.3 Ground Water and Ground Water Management Concepts 1 --
1.3.1 Ground Water Occurrence 1 --
1.3.2 Ground Water Quality 2 --
1.4 Ground Water Recharge Concepts 2 --
1.4.2 Methods of Recharge 3 --
1.4.2.1 Surface infiltration 3 --
1.4.2.2 Recharge through wells 4 --
1.4.2.3 Other recharge methods 4 --
1.4.3 Sources of Recharge Water 4 --
1.4.4 Recapture of Recharge 5 --
1.4.5 Water Quality Issues 5 --
1.5 Organization of the Report 6 --
2.0 Planning 7 --
2.1 Preliminary Activities 9 --
2.1.1 Determine Water Supply Needs 9 --
2.1.2 Public Involvement 9 --
2.1.2.1 Public acceptance of recharged ground water 9 --
2.1.2.2 Public understanding of artificial recharge 10 --
2.1.3 Determine Recharge Objectives 10 --
2.2 Data Collection 10 --
2.2.1 Physical Data 11 --
2.2.2 Non-Physical Data 11 --
2.2.3 Data Organization 11 --
2.3 Evaluate Resources 11 --
2.3.1 Evaluate Quantity and Quality of Available Source Waters 12 --
2.3.1.1 Accessibility of potable water sources 13 --
2.3.1.2 Long-term availability of water sources 13 --
2.3.1.3 Legal and Environmental Restraints 13 --
2.3.1.4 Cost vs. quality 13 --
2.3.1.5 Reclaimed water as a source 13 --
2.3.2 Evaluation of Ground Water Resource 13 --
2.3.2.1 Amount of available storage 14 --
2.3.2.2 Upper and lower operating ground water level limits 14 --
2.3.2.3 Water quality 15 --
2.3.2.4 Requirement for treatment of source waters 15 --
2.3.3 Inventory of Possible Recharge Sites 15 --
2.4 Preliminary Studies 15 --
2.4.1 Hydrogeology 15 --
2.4.2 Geochemical 17 --
2.4.3 Environment 18 --
2.4.4 Preliminary Modeling 18 --
2.4.5 Laws, Regulations, and Water Rights 18 --
2.5 Types of Recharge and Recovery Facilities 18 --
2.5.1 Surface Recharge 18 --
2.5.1.1 Earth dikes 20 --
2.5.1.2 Inflatable fabric dams 21 --
2.5.1.3 Flashboard dams 23 --
2.5.2 Subsurface Recharge 23 --
2.5.2.1 Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) wells 24 --
2.5.2.2 Recharge through vandose zone (dry) wells 26 --
2.5.3 Appurtenances 26 --
2.6 Potential Problems 26 --
2.7 Conceptual Plan 26 --
2.7.1 Surface Infiltration Concepts 27 --
2.7.2 Soil-Aquifer Treatment Process 28 --
2.7.3 Recharge Well Concepts 28 --
2.7.4 Reclaimed Waste Water Recharge Concepts 30 --
2.7.5 Site Conditions 32 --
2.7.5.1 Conditions surrounding site 32 --
2.7.5.2 Surface and subsurface conditions 33 --
2.7.6 Regulatory Requirements 34 --
2.7.7 Conceptual Site Plans 34 --
2.7.7.1 Develop alternative plans 34 --
2.7.7.2 Public involvement 35 --
2.7.7.3 Select plans for additional study 35 --
2.7.7.4 Determine additional data required 35 --
2.7.7.5 Conceptual plan report 35 --
3.0 Field Investigations and Field Testing 35 --
3.1 Surface Exploration 36 --
3.2 Subsurface Exploration 36 --
3.3 Hydraulic Parameters 36 --
3.4 Water Quality 37 --
3.5 Site and Environmental Values 37 --
4.0 Design 37 --
4.1 Preliminary Design 37 --
4.1.1 Design Criteria for Surface Facilities 37 --
4.1.2 Design Criteria for Subsurface Facilities 38 --
4.1.3 Formalize Alternative Plans 40 --
4.1.4 Testing by Modeling 40 --
4.1.5 Testing by Pilot Project 42 --
4.1.6 Cost, Yields, and Quality 43 --
4.1.7 Environmental Studies 43 --
4.1.8 Evaluate Alternative Plans 43 --
4.1.8.1 Public participation 43 --
4.1.8.2 Economic consideration 43 --
4.1.8.3 Data needs assessment and collection 43 --
4.1.8.4 Laws, regulations, and water rights 44 --
4.1.8.5 Select best alternative 44 --
4.1.9 Reports 44 --
4.1.10 Public Hearings 44 --
4.2 Final Design 44 --
4.2.1 Environmental Update 44 --
4.2.2 Project Life 44 --
4.2.3 Availability of Sources 44 --
4.2.4 Project Operation and Maintenance Plan 44 --
4.2.5 Draft Final Report 45 --
4.2.6 Public Hearing Process 45 --
4.3.7 Handling of Objections 45 --
4.2.8 Final Report 45 --
4.2.9 Periodic Review Schedule 45 --
5.0 Regulatory and Water Rights Issues 45 --
5.2 Water Rights 46 --
5.3 Legal Issues 46 --
5.4 Institutional Constraints 46 --
6.0 Environmental Issues 47 --
6.1 Environmental Assessments, Statements, and Reviews 47 --
6.2 Addressing Environmental and Social Issues 48 --
6.3 Potential Positive Environmental Effects 49 --
7.0 Economics 49 --
7.1 Costs 50 --
7.1.1 Land Acquisition Costs 50 --
7.1.2 Right-of-Way Acquisition Costs 50 --
7.1.3 Planning Costs 50 --
7.1.4 Engineering Costs 51 --
7.1.5 Construction Costs 51 --
7.1.6 Operation and Maintenance Costs 51 --
7.1.7 Contingency Costs 51 --
7.1.8 Permit and Legal Costs 51 --
7.1.9 Replacement Costs 51 --
7.1.10 Decommissioning Costs 51 --
7.2 Financial Analyses 52 --
8.0 Construction 52 --
8.1 Recharge Well Drilling Techniques 52 --
8.1.1 Cable Tool 52 --
8.1.2 Conventional Mud Rotary 53 --
8.1.3 Reverse Circulation Rotary 53 --
8.1.4 Air Rotary 53 --
8.2 Construction Chronology 53 --
8.2.1 Mobilization 53 --
8.2.2 Setting Surface Casings 53 --
8.2.3 Pilot Hole Drilling 53 --
8.2.4 Logging 54 --
8.2.5 Water Quality Sampling 54 --
8.2.6 Reaming 54 --
8.2.7 Installing Casing and Screen 54 --
8.2.8 Gravel Pack 54 --
8.2.9 Annular Seal 54 --
8.2.10 Development and Redevelopment 54 --
8.2.11 Pump Testing 55 --
8.2.12 Other Activities 55 --
8.2.13 Demobilization 55 --
8.3 Construction Records 55 --
9.0 Startup 56 --
9.1 Startup Procedures 56 --
9.2 Operation Procedures 56 --
9.3 Well Shutdown Procedures 58 --
10.0 Operation, Maintenance, and Closure 59 --
10.2 Operator Training 59 --
10.3 Record Keeping 60 --
10.4 Operational Data Requirements 60 --
10.4.1 Water Level Measurement 61 --
10.4.2 Water Quality Measurement 61 --
10.5 Tracking Operation of Facilities 61 --
10.6 Preventive Maintenance 62 --
10.6.1 Maintenance of Surface Recharge Facilities 62 --
10.6.2 Maintenance of Recharge and ASR Wells 64 --
10.6.3 Corrosion Protection 65 --
10.7 Potential Problems 65 --
10.7.1 Clogging of Surface Recharge Facilities 65 --
10.7.2 Clogging of Recharge Wells 66 --
10.7.2.1 Suspended material 67 --
10.7.2.2 Chemical reaction 68 --
10.7.2.3 Air binding 68 --
10.7.3 Clogging of a Vandose Zone (Dry) Well 68 --
10.7.4 Water Depth 69 --
10.7.5 Depth to Ground Water 69 --
10.7.6 Unfavorable Soil Conditions 69 --
10.7.7 Odors and Vectors 69 --
10.7.8 Health Effects 69 --
10.7.9 Environmental 70 --
10.7.10 Ground Water Mounding 70 --
10.7.11 Leakage Around Dikes and Foundations 71 --
10.7.12 Fabric and Flashboard Dams 71 --
10.7.13 Sand Production 72 --
10.7.14 Sustainability of Soil-Aquifer Treatment 72 --
10.7.15 Hydro-Fracturing 72 --
10.7.16 Other Problems 73 --
10.8 Water Quality 73 --
10.8.1 Pretreatment 74 --
10.8.2 Chemical Treatment 74 --
10.8.3 Sedimentation 75 --
10.8.4 Grass-Soil Filter 75 --
10.8.5 Soil-Aquifer Treatment 75 --
10.8.6 Constructed Wetlands 76 --
10.8.7 Postrecharge Treatment 76 --
10.9 On-Site Management 76 --
10.9.1 Removal of Clogging Layer 76 --
10.9.2 Redevelopment of Recharge Well 76 --
10.9.3 Vadose Zone (Dry) Well Operation 77 --
10.9.4 Correction of Sand Production 77 --
10.9.5 Mounding 78 --
10.9.6 Duration and Sequencing 78 --
10.10 Facility Closure or Abandonment 78 --
Appendix D Sample Environmental Checklist 99 --
Appendix E Metric-English Conversion Factors 102.