Stalkers and their Victims, 2nd Edition

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
Defining stalking......Page 14
Stalking as popular, legal and scientific discourses......Page 17
The archaeology of stalking......Page 19
Conclusions......Page 22
The emergence of a social construction of stalking......Page 23
Discovery......Page 24
Diffusion......Page 26
Reification......Page 28
The rejected......Page 29
The incompetent suitor......Page 30
The resentful......Page 31
The predatory......Page 32
Conclusions......Page 33
Introduction......Page 34
Australia......Page 36
United States......Page 38
United Kingdom......Page 40
Germany......Page 42
When does intrusiveness become persistent stalking? The critical two-week threshold......Page 43
The impact of the two-week threshold on the severity of stalking......Page 44
Two weeks as the critical window for recognition and intervention......Page 45
Conclusions......Page 46
Selective samples......Page 47
Random community samples......Page 55
Prior intimates......Page 58
The impact of stalking on victims......Page 65
Conclusions......Page 69
Classifying stalking as a corollary of domestic violence......Page 70
Classifying stalkers on the basis of an underlying mental disorder......Page 71
Psychotic versus non-psychotic......Page 72
Classifying stalkers by nature of prior relationship and/or motivation......Page 73
Behaviour-based models......Page 75
Law enforcement perspectives......Page 76
Classification employed in this book......Page 78
Conclusions......Page 80
Clinical features......Page 81
Relationship to other classifications......Page 82
Jealousy......Page 85
Clinical features......Page 88
The nature of resentment and retaliation......Page 89
Introduction......Page 94
Psychology......Page 95
Psychopathology......Page 96
Clinical features......Page 98
Psychology and psychopathology......Page 100
Intimacy seekers versus incompetent suitors......Page 102
A history of erotomania......Page 104
Pathological beliefs of being loved (erotomania)......Page 108
Pathological infatuations (borderline erotomania)......Page 110
Symptomatic (secondary) erotomania......Page 113
Primary erotomania......Page 116
The object of affection......Page 119
Management and prognosis......Page 120
Studies of predatory stalkers......Page 122
Stalkers and sex offenders......Page 124
Stalking in paraphilias......Page 125
Telephone scatologia......Page 126
Fetishism and voyeurism......Page 127
Paedophilia......Page 128
Sexual masochism and sadism......Page 129
Paraphilic asphyxia (asphyxiophilia)......Page 132
The upskirter: problem behaviour mislabelled as stalking......Page 133
Management of the predatory stalker......Page 134
Introduction......Page 136
Stalking by juveniles......Page 137
An empirical study of juvenile stalking......Page 138
Stalking as an extension of bullying......Page 139
Disorganised and disturbed stalkers......Page 140
Impacts of stalking by juveniles......Page 141
Juvenile stalkers: comparisons with their adult counterparts......Page 142
Issues in managing juvenile stalkers and victims......Page 145
Managing juvenile victims......Page 146
Conclusions......Page 147
11 Female stalkers......Page 148
Conclusions......Page 152
Media reports of same-gender stalking......Page 153
Case reports of same-gender erotomania......Page 154
Studies of stalkers and stalking victims......Page 156
A comparison study of same- and opposite-gender stalkers......Page 157
Victims of same-gender stalking......Page 161
Conclusions......Page 162
Definition......Page 164
Cyberstalking behaviours......Page 165
Prevalence......Page 166
Victims of cyberstalking......Page 167
Conclusions......Page 168
Private detectives......Page 169
Ordering or cancelling goods and services......Page 170
Health professionals......Page 171
Psychics......Page 172
The media......Page 173
Conclusions......Page 174
Tracing fugitive victims......Page 176
Contributing to the harassment......Page 177
Law enforcement......Page 178
The misuse of stalking charges......Page 179
Complaints tribunals......Page 180
Family court......Page 181
Minimising legal system abuses......Page 182
Introduction......Page 184
Stalking that arises in a work context (internal)......Page 185
The impact of stalking on the work environment......Page 189
General strategies......Page 190
Security measures......Page 191
Education......Page 192
Workplace anti-stalking policy and programmes......Page 193
Against the stalker......Page 194
Harassment and stalking in healthcare settings......Page 196
Convenience samples......Page 197
Random samples......Page 198
The impact of stalking on healthcare professionals......Page 201
Romantic and child-like attachments......Page 203
Resentment against the professional......Page 204
Preventive strategies......Page 205
The early stages of stalking......Page 206
Established stalking......Page 207
Conclusions......Page 208
Prevalence......Page 209
Mental illness and the stalking of public figures......Page 210
The risks particular to public figures......Page 211
Typologies of the stalkers of public figures......Page 212
Fixation......Page 213
The usefulness of the concept of fixation......Page 216
Threatening and inappropriate communications and approaches......Page 217
Identifying and managing the risks presented by stalkers of public figures......Page 218
Introduction......Page 221
The Australian study......Page 222
Delusional victimisation......Page 224
False revictimisation......Page 225
Role reversal......Page 226
Factitious disorders......Page 227
Malingerers......Page 228
The UK/Netherlands study......Page 230
Assessing the false stalking victim......Page 231
Account of stalking......Page 232
Behaviour......Page 233
Physical examination......Page 234
Delusional victimisation......Page 235
Role reversal......Page 236
Conclusions......Page 237
Introduction......Page 238
Risk evaluation: the general background......Page 239
Risk assessment and management in the stalking situation......Page 241
The risk of continued or recurrent stalking......Page 242
Stalking behaviours......Page 243
The risk of assault......Page 244
Threats......Page 245
Mental disorder......Page 246
Availability of weapons......Page 247
Stage 1: Assigning to high, medium or low risk categories......Page 248
Domain 1: Relationships in stalking......Page 250
Domain 2: Motivation of the stalker......Page 251
Domain 3: The stalker\'s psychological, psychopathological and social functioning......Page 252
Domain 4: The victim\'s psychological and social vulnerabilities......Page 258
Domain 5: The legal and mental health context......Page 260
Integration and formulation......Page 261
Conclusions......Page 262
Introduction......Page 263
The problems of clinical management......Page 264
The referral......Page 265
Facilitating the assessment......Page 266
Formulation......Page 267
Management of mental disorders......Page 268
Management strategies targeted at the stalking behaviours......Page 269
The rejected......Page 271
The incompetent suitor......Page 272
Conclusions......Page 273
Introduction......Page 274
Declining and terminating relationships......Page 275
Protecting personal information......Page 276
Celebrity victims......Page 277
Helping agencies......Page 278
Avoiding contact and confrontation......Page 280
Documentation......Page 281
Telephone harassment......Page 282
Restraining orders......Page 283
Other security measures......Page 285
Safety, security and confidentiality......Page 286
Education and supportive counselling......Page 287
Cognitive behavioural approaches......Page 288
Pharmacotherapies......Page 289
Group therapies......Page 291
Support organisations for stalking victims......Page 292
Conclusions......Page 293
Introduction......Page 294
Early attempts to prosecute stalking-related behaviours......Page 295
The impetus for anti-stalking legislation......Page 297
Conduct requirements......Page 299
Intention......Page 301
The response of the victim......Page 302
Special provisions......Page 303
Conclusions......Page 305
Australia......Page 307
Anonymous remailer information......Page 308
References......Page 309
Index......Page 325