Stage Lighting: The Fundamentals

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Part One—Light: The Medium
	1 The Nature of Light
		What Is Light?
			The Electromagnetic Spectrum
			The Visible Spectrum
		The Eye and Seeing
		The Controllable Qualities of Light
			Intensity
			Distribution
			Color
			Movement
		Sidebar 1.1: Designer Profile: Ken Billington
		Functions of Lighting
			Visibility
			Mood
			Establishing a Scene
			Modeling
			Focus
			Composition
			Style
			Staging the Story
			Rhythm
		For Further Reading
	2 Light and Perception
		Physiology of the Eye
		Composition
		Visibility
		Intensity or Brightness
			Relative Intensity
			Psychological Responses
		Intensity and Other Perceptual Issues
			Mood Alteration
			Overstimulation
			Glare
			Color Perception
			Adaptation
		Defining Form and Shape
			Front Light
			Sidelight
			Downlight and Backlight
		Sidebar 2.1: Designer Profile: Marilyn Lowey
			Silhouettes and Grazing
			Shape and Texture
		Key and Fill Light
		Movement and Light
			Cues and Transitions
		For Further Reading
	3 Color and Its Effects
		What Is Color?
		The Visible Spectrum
			Primary Colors
			CIE Chromaticity Chart
			Color Temperature
			Color Rendering
		Additive and Subtractive Mixing
			Additive Mixing
			Subtractive Mixing
		Filtering Light
		Color Media
			Plastic Media
		Sidebar 3.1: Spectral Analysis of Gel
			Glass Media
			Dichroic Filters
			Diffusion
		Creating Color Through Light
			Color Prediction Through Filters
		Sidebar 3.2: Changing Color
			CMY, RGB, and LED Color Mixing
			Red Shift/Amber Drift
		Complementary Tint System
		Psychological and Physiological Effects of Color
		Sidebar 3.3: Psychological Responses to Color
			Color Contrast
			Adaptation and Afterimages
		Practical Use of Color
		Sidebar 3.4: Designer Considerations for Color and Light
		Sidebar 3.5: Designer Profile: Mark Stanley
		For Further Reading
Part Two—Light: The Tools
	4 Electricity
		Sidebar 4.1: Designer Profile: John Martin
		Basics of Electricity
			Atomic Theory
			Electrical Potential
			Conductors and Insulators
		Grounding
		Units of Measurement and Essential Formulas
			Units of Measure
			Power Formula (West Virginia) and Ohm’s Law
			Common Electrician Calculations
		Sidebar 4.2: Practical Examples of Electrical Problems
		Sidebar 4.3: Determination of Lamp Load
		Fundamental Circuits
			Series Circuits
			Parallel Circuits
		Direct Current Versus Alternating Current
			Direct Current (DC)
			Alternating Current (AC) and Power Generation
			Transformers
		Power Distribution
			Electrical Services
		Electrical Hardware
			Wire
		Sidebar 4.4: Common Wire Gauges and Rated Capacities
			Cables
			Data Cables
		Sidebar 4.5: Working with Cables
			Switches
			Circuit Protection
			Dimmers
		Company Switches and Distribution Panels
			Theatrical Distribution
		Sidebar 4.6: Tapping into Company Switches
		Troubleshooting Electrical Problems
		Sidebar 4.7: A Guide to Electrical Troubleshooting
		Sidebar 4.8: Electrical Safety
		For Further Reading
	5 Lamps and Other Light Sources
		Lumens, Watts, and Lamp Life
		Lamps and Color
		Incandescent Lamps
			Filaments
			Bulbs
			Bases
		Tungsten-Halogen or Quartz Lamps
		Sidebar 5.1: Light Center Length (LCL)
		ANSI Codes
		Arc Light Sources
			Limelight
			Carbon-Arc
			Short-Arc and High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
			Short-Arc Lamps
			High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
		Gaseous Discharge Lamps
			Fluorescent Lamps
		Low-Voltage Lamps
		Solid-State Light Sources
			LEDs
		Sidebar 5.2: Designer Profile: Robert (Rob) Gerlach
			Plasma Lamps
		Non-Traditional Light Sources
			Ballasted Fixtures
			Blacklight
			Strobes
			Neon
			Fiber Optics
			Lasers
		For Further Reading
	6 Luminaire Fundamentals
		Basic Principles of Optics
			Reflection and Reflectors
			Transmission
			Refraction and Lenses
		An Essential Luminaire
		Photometrics
		Sidebar 6.1: Luminaire Maintenance
			Beam Angle and Field Angle
			Throw Distances
			Photometric Data and Cut Sheets
		Sidebar 6.2: Two Methods for Determination of Beam Spread
		Choosing Luminaires
		Conventional Luminaires for the Stage (Traditional and Enhanced)
			Spotlights
			Followspots
		Sidebar 6.3: Followspot Pickup Techniques
			Floodlights
		Accessories for Conventional Luminaires
			Optical Accessories
			Hanging Accessories
		Automated Accessories for Conventional Luminaires
			Scrollers
			Moving Yokes
			Moving Mirror Accessories
			Gobo Rotators
		Automated Lighting
		Sidebar 6.4: Common Automated Lighting Effect Cues
			Attributes and Addressing
			Moving Heads (Moving Yokes)
			Scanners (Moving Mirrors)
		LED Luminaires
			Color Mixing With LEDs
			Wash and Strip or Linear Luminaires
			Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlights
			LEDs in Scenery and Costumes
		Sidebar 6.5: Designer Profile: Allen Lee Hughes
		Practicals and Lighting Effects
			Practicals
			Flame and Fire Effects
			Water Reflections
			Fog, Smoke, and Haze
			Lightning
			Sun, Moon, and Stars
			Explosions and Pyro Devices
		For Further Reading
	7 Control Fundamentals
		Illuminance and Luminance—Five Metrics
			Luminous Flux
			Illuminance
			Luminous Intensity
			Luminance
			Luminous Exitance
		Brightness Control and Dimming
		Circuiting
		Sidebar 7.1: Dimmer Load Calculations
		Mastering
			Mechanical Mastering
			Electrical Mastering
			Electronic Mastering
		Principles of Electronic Dimming
			Gating
		Sidebar 7.2: Dimmer Curves and Trimming
			Sine Wave Dimming
		Control Protocols
			Analog Control
			Digital Control
		Primary Control of Advanced Lighting Gear
			DMX Control
		Attributes and Addressing
		Sidebar 7.3: Binary Code and Addressing
		Sidebar 7.4: Practical Tips for Setting up DMX Networks
		Sidebar 7.5: Programming Tips for Automated Lighting Gear
			Lighting Networks, ACN, and RDM
		Lighting Control Consoles
			Preset Control
		Sidebar 7.6: Common Control Functions of Preset Consoles
		Sidebar 7.7: Rock and Roll Console Features
			Memory Control
		Sidebar 7.8: Additional Controls in Computer Consoles
			Automated Control Consoles
			Latest Generation Lighting Consoles
		Off-Line Editors
		Visualization
		Show Control
		State-of-the-Art Control
		Sidebar 7.9: Designer Profile: Fred Foster
			Dimmer-per-Circuit
			Multiplexing (Dimmer Doubling™)
			Distributed Dimming
			Wireless DMX and Wireless Dimming
		For Further Reading
	8 Projections and Lighting
		A Brief History of Projection
		Projection Considerations
		Sidebar 8.1: Considerations of Projection Design
		Elements of Projection
		Front or Rear Projection?
		Traditional Projection Equipment
			Lensless Projectors
			Lens Projectors
			The Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight (ERS)
			The 35mm Projector
		Sidebar 8.2: Calculations Regarding Projectors and Lenses
			Scenic Projectors
		Slides and Source Materials
		Projection Surfaces
			Front-Projection Screens
			Rear-Projection Screens
			Other Materials/Projection Surfaces
		Practical Issues of Projection
			Image Definition
			Two Critical Considerations: Path and Balance
			Spill and Ambient Light
			Image Size
			Distortion
		Sidebar 8.3: Keystone Correction
		Sidebar 8.4: Mathematical Grid for Keystone Correction
		Digital Projection
			Media Servers
		Sidebar 8.5: Designer Profile: Wendall K. Harrington
			Digital Projectors
			Digital Lights
			LCD and LED Displays
		Lasers and Effects Projection
		Convergence
		For Further Reading
Part Three—Light: Design Fundamentals
	9 Essentials of Lighting Design
		Special Considerations in Lighting Design
		Directors and Collaboration
		The Influences of Light
			Controllable Qualities of Light (Reviewed)
			Functions of Lighting (Reviewed)
		Analysis for Lighting
			Script Analysis
		Sidebar 9.1: Designer Profile: Brian MacDevitt
		Sidebar 9.2: Scenic Breakdown of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible
			Analysis for Other Forms of Entertainment Design
		Style in Lighting
		Conceptualization
		Additional Designer Preparation
			Design Research
			Design and Production Meetings
			Rehearsals
		Developing Lighting Schemes and Concepts
		Lighting Keys
		Sidebar 9.3: Development of a Lighting Key
		Communicating Design Ideas
			Image Research
			Storyboards
			Lighting Scores
			Light Labs
			Model Theatres
			Computer Design Analysis
			Digital Renderings
			Visualization
		For Further Reading
	10 Basics of General Illumination
		Lighting the Subject
		Typical Theatrical Lighting Positions
			Proscenium Theatre
		Sidebar 10.1: Proscenium Hanging Positions and Lighting Distribution
			Black Box Theatre
			Other Variations
		Floorplans and Sections
		Basics of General Illumination or Area Lighting
		Primary Formula Approaches for Area Lighting
			Single Source System
			Wash System
			The McCandless System
			Double or Triple Hanging
			Area versus Color Control
		Alternative Systems for Area Lighting
			Key and Fill
			The Washed Stage
			Zone Lighting
			Jewel Lighting
		Building on General Lighting
			Special Areas
			Sculpting and Modeling Accents
		Sidebar 10.2: Focus Patterns for Common Wash Systems
			Blending and Toning Accents
			Motivational Accents
		Additional Lighting Demands
			Special Visibility
			Lighting for Costumes
			Lighting for Scenery
			Scrims
			Effects Lighting
		Sidebar 10.3: Designer Profile: Jeff Davis
		For Further Reading
	11 Plotting the Design
		Translating Concepts and Lighting Keys Into Practical Design Choices
		Working With Floorplans and Sections
			Floorplans or Groundplans
			Sections
		An Approach to Plotting a Design
			Preliminary Tasks/Preparation
			Advancing a Venue
			Rehearsals
			The Wish List
			Making a Design Practical
			The Tentative Hookup
			The Rough Light Plot
		Drafting and the Lighting Design
			Drafting Light Plots
		Sidebar 11.1: Common Numbering Practices
			Drafting the Section
		Lighting Schedules and Design Paperwork
		Sidebar 11.2: Designer Profile: Steven Louis “Steve” Shelley
			Hookup
			Instrument Schedule
			Magic Sheets
			Shop Orders
		CAD and Computers in Lighting Design
			CAD and Drafting Applications
		Sidebar 11.3: AutoCAD versus Vectorworks Spotlight
			Design Paperwork
			Control and Off-Line Editing
			Communication and Training
			Design Analysis and Visualization
		For Further Reading
	12 Load-in Through Opening
		Final Preparations for the Load-In
		The Cue Synopsis
		Sidebar 12.1: Cue Terminology
		The Load-In
		Sidebar 12.2: A Typical Academic Load-in Schedule
		Sidebar 12.3: A Typical Commerical Production Load-in Schedule
		The Focus Call
		The Level-Setting or Cue-Writing Session
		Cueing Aids for Memory Consoles
		Sidebar 12.4: Cueing Aids for Memory Consoles
		Rehearsals in the Venue
			Technical Rehearsals
			Dress Rehearsals, Previews, and Openings
		Running and Maintaining the Production
		Sidebar 12.5: Designer Profile: Beverly Emmons
		For Further Reading
	13 Variations on Essential Theatrical Design
		Designing for Specific Genre
		Variations in the Audience/Performance Space
			Thrust Productions
			General Lighting Techniques for Thrust Design
			Arena Productions
			Environmental Productions
		Outdoor Dramas and Festival Productions
		Transfer Productions
		Touring Productions
		Repertory Productions
		Sidebar 13.1: Designer Profile: F. Mitchell “Mitch” Dana
		For Further Reading
Part Four—Light Design Applications
	14 The Practitioners
		Theatrical and Live Performance Production
			Design Professionals
		Sidebar 14.1: Designer Profile: Dawn Chiang
			Theatrical Crews
		Sidebar 14.2: Designer Profile: Brad Schiller
		Film and Video
			Design Professionals
		Sidebar 14.3: Designer Profile: Patrick Cady
			Production Crews
		Sidebar 14.4: Designer Profile: Derrick Kolus
		Architectural Lighting
		Unions and Certifications
		Sidebar 14.5: Designer Profile: Gary Fails
		Professional Organizations and Societies
		For Further Reading
	15 Traditional Areas of Theatrical Design (Drama, Dance, Opera, and Musical Theatre)
		Lighting for Drama
			Performance Considerations
			Design Techniques
		Dance Lighting
			Performance Considerations
			Design Techniques
		Sidebar 15.1: Designer Profile: Jennifer Tipton
		Opera and Operetta Lighting
			Performance Considerations
			Design Techniques
		Lighting Musical Theatre
			Performance Considerations
			Design Techniques
		Sidebar 15.2: Common Musical Theatre Cueing Terminology
		For Further Reading
	16 Non-Traditional Lighting Design Applications
		Branching Out Into Other Fields of Lighting
		The Music Scene (Revues, Clubs, and Concert Lighting)
			Musical Revues
			Nightclubs and Dance Club Lighting
			Concert Lighting
		Sidebar 16.1: Designer Profile: James L. “Jim” Moody
		The Spectacle Performance
			Headline Acts
			Arena Productions and Stadium Productions
		Sidebar 16.2: Designer Profile: Jeff Ravitz
			Dedicated Venues
			Additional Areas of Spectacle
		Trade Shows, Industrials, and Corporate Events
			Corporate Mentality
		Sidebar 16.3: Designer Profile: Betsy Adams
			Corporate Production
		Film and Video Basics
			Light and the Camera
			Key and Fill Light
			Control Elements
			Key Elements in Film/Video Illumination
		Sidebar 16.4: Designer Profile: William L. “Bill” Klages
			Three-Point and Following Source Lighting
		Retail and Museum Lighting
			Lighting Layers
			Essentials of Retail and Museum/Gallery Lighting
		Sidebar 16.5: Designer Profile: Cindy Limauro
		Architectural Lighting
			Unique Qualities and Demands of Architectural Lighting
			Architectural Luminaire Classifications
			Key Elements in Architectural General Illumination
			The Architectural Lighting Design Process
		Sidebar 16.6: Lighting Design Questions
		Sidebar 16.7: Designer Profile: Robert “Bob” Shook
			Daylighting
			Lighting Green and Lighting Economics
		Landscape Lighting
			Lighting Landscapes
			Essential Approaches to Lighting Landscapes
			Principles of Landscape Lighting
		Themed Design and Specialty Lighting
			The Story
			Development of a Themed Project
			Considerations of Themed (Specialty) Lighting Design
		Sidebar 16.8: Designer Profile: Tom Ruzika
		Virtual Lighting (Renderings, Virtual Reality, Gaming, etc.)
		Sidebar 16.9: Designer Profile: Chris Wells
			Virtual Design
			Virtual Light Sources
			Lighting Techniques for Virtual Lighting
		For Further Reading
Appendices
	A. Lighting Periodicals
	B. Lighting Equipment Manufacturers
	C. Professional Organizations and Unions
	D. USITT Lighting Graphics Standard
	E. IESNA Lighting Graphics
Glossary
Bibliography
Index