Stage Lighting: Design Applications and More

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
1 Introduction and General Lighting Review
	What Is Light?
		The Electromagnetic Spectrum
	The Controllable Qualities of Light
		Intensity
		Distribution
		Color
		Movement
	Functions of Lighting
		Visibility
		Establishing a Scene
		Mood
		Modeling
		Focus
		Composition
		Style
		Staging the Story
		Rhythm
	Illuminance and Luminance—Five Metrics
		Luminous Flux
		Illuminance
		Luminous Intensity
			Inverse Square Law
		Luminance
		Luminous Exitance
	Light and Perception
	Visibility
	Intensity or Brightness
		Relative Intensity
		Psychological Responses
		Intensity-Related Issues
			Mood Alteration
			Overstimulation
			Glare
			Color Perception and Intensity
			Adaptation
	Defining Form and Shape
		Front Light
		Sidelight
		Downlight and Uplight
		Backlight
		Key and Fill
		Silhouettes and Grazing
		Shape
	What Is Color?
		Color and Its Effects
		The Visible Spectrum
		Primary Colors
		Color Temperature
		CIE Chromaticity Chart
		Color Rendering
	Additive and Subtractive Mixing
		Additive Mixing
		Subtractive Mixing
	Filtering Light
		Color Media
		Plastic Media
	Sidebar 1.1: Spectral Analysis of Gel
		Glass Media
		Dichroic Filters
		Diffusion
	Creating Color Through Light
		Color Prediction
		LEDs and Additive Color Mixing
		Red Shift/Amber Drift in Tungsten Light Sources
	Psychological Effects of Color
		Color Contrast
		Adaptation and Afterimages
	Practical Use of Color
	Sidebar 1.2: Designer Considerations for Color and Light
	For Further Reading
2 The Music Scene (Revues, Clubs, and Concert Lighting)
	Musical Revues
	Evolution of Club and Concert Lighting
	Nightclubs and Dance Club Lighting
		Club Gear
			Stage and Band/Musician Areas
			Dance Floors
	Sidebar 2.1: Specialized Lighting Effects for Dance Floors (Presented in an Approximate Order of Appearance)
		Club Design Principle
			Stage Areas
			Dance Areas
	Unique Issues in Concert Lighting
	Touring Successfully
	Sidebar 2.2: A Sample Concert Tour Schedule
	Sidebar 2.3: A Sample Page From a Contract Rider
	Concert Lighting Gear
		Luminaires
		Trusses
		Ground Support, Lifts, and Chain Motors
		Dimmers and Cables
		Consoles
		Road Cases
		Automated Lighting and Scrollers
	Sidebar 2.4: Common Automated Lighting Effects 69 Video and Effects
	Plotting Principles for Concert Lighting
	Cueing Principles for Musical Events and Concerts
	Sidebar 2.5: Designer Profile: James L. Moody
	For Further Reading
3 The Spectacle Performance
	Sidebar 3.1: Designer Profile: Jeff Ravitz
	Headline Acts
	Festival Productions
	Arena Productions
	Stadium Productions
	Specialty Shows With Spectacle
	Dedicated Venues
	Additional Areas of Spectacle
	For Further Reading
4 Trade Shows, Industrials, and Corporate Events
	Corporate Mentality
	Trade Shows
	Fashion Shows
	Corporate Meetings
	Industrials
	Sidebar 4.1: Designer Profile: Betsy Adams
	For Further Reading
5 Film and Video Basics
	Unique Qualities of Film and Video
	Sidebar 5.1: Designer Profile: Alan Adelman
	Light and the Camera
		Color Temperature
		Color Rendering Index (CRI)
		Speed of Exposure
		F-Stops
		F-Stop Considerations
		Other Factors
	Sidebar 5.2: Designer Profile: Patrick Cady
	Key and Fill Lights
	Hard Light Versus Soft Light
	Latitude and Contrast Ratios
	Light Meters
	Film and Video Luminaires
		Soft-Lights
		Hard-Lights
		Location Luminaires
		Specialty Luminaires
	Lighting Accessories
	Sidebar 5.3: Designer Profile: Michael Grimes
	Film and Video Control Elements
	Filters, Color Correction, and Diffusion
	LEDs and Film/Video Production
	Film/Video Studios and Sound Stages
	Location Lighting
	Film/Video Production Practices
		Developing a Lighting Concept
		Drafting for Film and Video Design
		Film and Video Shooting Procedures
	Key Elements in Film/Video Illumination
		Distribution
		Three-Point Lighting
		Following Source
	Area Lighting for Film and Video
	Sidebar 5.4: Designer Profile: William L. Klages
	Special Cases of Lighting for Film and Video
		Portrait and Commercial Photography
		Documentation of Stage and Installation Lighting
		Composite and Matte Photography
	For Further Reading
6 Display/Retail and Exhibit/Museum Lighting
	Essentials of Display and Exhibit Lighting
		Color Temperature
		Color Rendering
		Optimal Visibility
		Ambience
		Organizational Principles
	Lighting Layers
		General Circulation
	Sidebar 6.1: Traditional Fluorescent Tubes
	Sidebar 6.2: Fluorescent Lamp Specifications
		Accent or Secondary Lighting
		Background or Perimeter Lighting
		Shelving Units and Vertical Displays
		Specialty Areas
		Decorative and Effects Lighting
	Principles of Retail Lighting
	Display Cabinets
	Sidebar 6.3: Several Principles of Retail Lighting
	Window Displays
		Open-Back Windows
		Closed-Back Windows
		Island and Other Varieties of Window Displays
	Essentials of Museum and Gallery Lighting
	Exposure and Conservation
	Sidebar 6.4: Designer Profile: Cindy Limauro
	Daylighting in Museums and Galleries
	Energy Efficiency, Economics, and Maintenance
	For Further Reading
7 Architectural Lighting
	Unique Qualities/Demands of Architectural Lighting
	Architectural Luminaire Classifications
		Light Sources
	Sidebar 7.1: Pros and Cons of Common Light Sources
		Mounting Classifications
		Distribution Pattern Classifications
		Design Application
	Sidebar 7.2: IESNA Luminaire Types
	Ballasts and Architectural Control Elements
	Architectural Hanging/Mounting Positions
	Architectural Lighting Techniques
		Task Lighting
		Ambient Lighting
		Accent Lighting
		Cove Lighting
		Decorative Lighting
		Grazing
		Space Manipulation
		Wash Lighting
	Commercial Power Distribution
	Lighting Calculations
		The Lumen (Zonal Cavity) Method
		Illuminance at a Point (Direct Component)
	The Architectural Lighting Design Process
		Design and Construction Process
	Sidebar 7.3: Construction Phases
		Lighting Schemes and Design Process
	Sidebar 7.4: Design Steps in Architectural Lighting Design
	Sidebar 7.5: Sample Lighting Design Questions
	Sidebar 7.6: IESNA Illuminance Categories
	Lighting Layouts and Design Documentation
	Sidebar 7.7: Common Architectural Lighting Layout Symbols (Based on IESNA Standards)
	Daylighting
		Direct Sunlight and Skylight
	Sidebar 7.8: Designer Profile: Robert “Bob” Shook
		Penetration
		Daylighting Control
	Lighting Green and Lighting Economics
	Examples of Interior Lighting
		Residential Lighting
		Hospitality (Hotel, Club, and Restaurant) Design
		Public Buildings
		Houses of Worship (Churches)
		Museum and Gallery Lighting
		Retail Lighting
		Commercial Lighting
		Office Lighting
		Educational Facilities
		Health Care Facilities
		Industrial Design
	Examples of Exterior Lighting
		Building Exteriors
		Public Spaces
	Sidebar 7.9: Designer Profile: Paul Gregory
		Roadways and Bridges
	For Further Reading
8 Landscape Lighting
	Lighting Landscapes
	Essential Approaches to Lighting Landscapes
	Distribution Patterns in Landscape Lighting
		Area Lighting
		Fill Lighting
		Safety Lighting
		Security Lighting
		Spotlighting
		Accent Lighting
		Background Lighting
		Contour Lighting
		Cross Lighting
		Downlighting and Moonlighting
		Grazing Light
		Perspective Lighting
		Shadowing
		Silhouette Lighting
		Uplighting
		Vista Lighting
	Principles of Landscape Lighting
		Plants, Shrubs, and Foliage
		Trees
		Pathways and Steps
		Hardscape and Sculptures
		Architectural Features
		Water Features
	Line-Voltage Versus 12-Volt Lighting Systems
	Voltage Drop
	Fighting the Elements
	Landscape Luminaires and Accessories
		Lampholders
		Architectural Luminaires
		Post Lights
		Bollards
		Area Lights
		Pathway Lights
		Well Lights
		Accent Lights
		Linear (Wash) Lights
	LEDs in Landscape Lighting
	Control of Landscape Lighting
	The Design Process and Documentation
	Design Considerations
	Sidebar 8.1: Designer Profile: Janet Lennox Moyer
		The Site Plan
		Design Documentation
	Sidebar 8.2: Common Landscape Lighting Symbols
	Lighting Exteriors and Buildings as Landscape Design
	Landscape Lighting on a Grand Scale
	For Further Reading
9 Themed or Specialty Lighting
	Themed/Specialty Design Versus Amusement Entertainment
	History of Themed Entertainment
	The Story
	Development of a Themed Project
	Sidebar 9.1: Some Common Terminology Associated With Theme Park Attractions
	Considerations of Themed (Specialty) Lighting Design
		Story/Theatrical Elements
		Architectural Elements
		Effects Lighting
	Lighting Equipment and Design Documentation
	Construction/Installation Process
	Sidebar 9.2: Designer Profile: Tom Ruzika
	Examples of Themed (Specialty) Lighting Design
		Theme Parks
		Hospitality Industry (Hotels and Restaurants)
		Museums and Exhibits
		Retail
		Themed Spectacle Events
	For Further Reading
10 Virtual Lighting (Renderings, Virtual Reality, Gaming, etc.)
	Virtual Design
	Calibration
	Virtual Light Sources
		Ambient Lights
		Directional Lights
		Point or Omnidirectional Lights
		Spotlights
		Area Lights
		Effects Lighting
		Global Illumination
	Lighting Techniques for Virtual Lighting
		1-Point or Single-Point Lighting
		2-Point or Key/Fill Lighting
		3-Point Lighting
		Naturalistic Lighting
		Stylized Lighting
	Contrast Ratios
	Sidebar 10.1: Several Hints for Successful Virtual Lighting
	Rendering Approaches
	Unique Properties of Virtual Rendering
	Examples of Virtual Lighting
		Theatrical and Entertainment Design Visualization
		Architectural Visualization
	Sidebar 10.2: Designer Profile: Christopher Higgins
		Simulations and Animation
	Motion Capture Animation
		Game Design
	For Further Reading
Appendices
	A. Lighting Periodicals
	B. Lighting Equipment Manufacturers
	C. Professional Organizations and Unions
	D. USITT Light Graphics Standard
	E. IESNA Lighting Graphics
Glossary
Bibliography
Index