Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science, Second Edition

Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 15
Introduction......Page 19
What isotopes are, what makes them distinct......Page 29
Properties of ecologically useful stable isotopes......Page 39
Technological advances and current trends in the ecological use of isotopes......Page 42
References......Page 46
Carbon isotopes......Page 50
Nitrogen isotopes......Page 63
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes......Page 67
Conclusions......Page 77
References......Page 78
Introduction......Page 89
Significance of 15N-abundance to soil carbon sequestration......Page 91
Vertical changes in soil 13C-abundance and soil carbon dynamics......Page 97
References......Page 105
Sources of variation in soil d15N......Page 111
Patterns of soil nitrogen isotope composition......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 122
References......Page 123
Introduction......Page 127
Vertebrate tissues in the fossil record......Page 128
Controls on the isotopic composition of vertebrate tissues......Page 133
Preservation of biogenic isotope compositions by vertebrate fossils......Page 147
Paleobiological applications......Page 151
A post-script on workshops and literature resources......Page 166
References......Page 167
Introduction......Page 183
Basic principles......Page 184
Marine systems......Page 187
Terrestrial systems (excluding deuterium)......Page 189
Using deuterium patterns in precipitation......Page 191
Conclusions......Page 197
References......Page 198
Introduction......Page 204
Background......Page 205
Isotopic variation in marine nitrogen......Page 206
Source delineation and isotope budgets......Page 214
Animal fractionation and food web processes......Page 215
Isotopic transients in marine systems......Page 217
Compound-specific nitrogen isotope analyses......Page 219
Conclusions......Page 221
References......Page 222
Introduction......Page 230
Isotopic tracing of carbon at methane seeps......Page 237
Whale falls......Page 247
Hydrothermal vents......Page 249
Conclusions......Page 254
References......Page 258
Methods of assessing food webs......Page 266
Phytoplankton and particulate organic carbon......Page 274
Phytoplankton and particulate organic nitrogen......Page 276
Marine food webs......Page 280
Stable isotopes in marine conservation biology......Page 289
Conclusions......Page 297
References......Page 298
Introduction......Page 311
Overview of river food webs and stable isotope approaches......Page 312
Stable isotope ratios of organic matter sources in stream ecosystems......Page 317
C, N, and S isotopic variability and its applications in river ecology......Page 336
Conclusions......Page 351
References......Page 352
Basic concepts in watershed hydrology......Page 362
General concepts in isotope hydrology......Page 370
Applications of isotope hydrology in watershed and ecosystem studies......Page 384
Conclusions......Page 392
References......Page 393
Introduction......Page 403
Isotopic compositions of major N sources to ecosystems......Page 408
Processes affecting the isotopic composition of DIN......Page 421
Separating mixing of sources from the effects of cycling......Page 435
Applications to different environmental settings......Page 441
What sources of agricultural and urban sources of nitrate can be distinguished using isotopes?......Page 450
Other tools for tracing anthropogenic contaminants......Page 455
Conclusions......Page 461
References......Page 463
Introduction......Page 478
Designing consistent model…data linkages and comparisons......Page 482
Principles and techniques of stable isotope modeling......Page 489
Conclusions......Page 502
References......Page 504
Introduction......Page 508
Why use compound-specific stable isotopes?......Page 509
Analytical considerations in compound-specific stable isotope analysis......Page 510
Applications of compound-specific stable isotope approaches in ecology and paleoecology......Page 526
Conclusions......Page 552
References......Page 554
Index......Page 569