Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment)

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
1 Theoretical and Experimental Principles
	1.1 General Characteristics of Isotopes
	1.2 Isotope Effects
	1.3 Isotope Fractionation Processes
		1.3.1 Isotope Exchange
			1.3.1.1 Fractionation Factor (α)
			1.3.1.2 The Delta Value (δ)
			1.3.1.3 Evaporation–Condensation Processes
		1.3.2 Kinetic Effects
		1.3.3 Mass-Dependent and Mass-Independent Isotope Effects
			1.3.3.1 Mass Dependent Effects
			1.3.3.2 Mass Independent Effects
		1.3.4 Nuclear Volume and Magnetic Isotope Effects
			1.3.4.1 Nuclear Volume Effects
			1.3.4.2 Magnetic Isotope Effects
		1.3.5 Multiply Substituted Isotopologues
			1.3.5.1 Position or Site-Specific Isotope Fractionations
		1.3.6 Diffusion
		1.3.7 Other Factors Influencing Isotopic Fractionations
		1.3.8 Isotope Geothermometers
	1.4 Basic Principles of Mass Spectrometry
		1.4.1 Continuous Flow—Isotope Ratio Monitoring Mass Spectrometers
		1.4.2 General Remarks on Sample Preparation Methods for Gases
		1.4.3 Laser Extraction Techniques
		1.4.4 High-Mass-Resolution Multiple-Collector IR Mass Spectrometer
		1.4.5 Infrared Spectroscopy
		1.4.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
	1.5 Standards
	1.6 Microanalytical Techniques
		1.6.1 Multicollector-ICP-Mass Spectrometry
		1.6.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
	References
2 Isotope Fractionation Processes of Selected Elements
	2.1 Hydrogen
		2.1.1 Methods
		2.1.2 Standards
		2.1.3 Fractionation Processes
			2.1.3.1 Water Fractionations
			2.1.3.2 Equilibrium Reactions
			2.1.3.3 Fractionations During Biosynthesis
			2.1.3.4 Other Fractionations
	2.2 Carbon
		2.2.1 Analytical Methods
			2.2.1.1 Standards
		2.2.2 Fractionation Processes
			2.2.2.1 Carbonate System
			2.2.2.2 Other Equilibrium Isotope Fractionations
			2.2.2.3 Organic Carbon System
			2.2.2.4 Interactions Between Carbonate-Carbon and Organic Carbon
	2.3 Nitrogen
		2.3.1 Analytical Methods
		2.3.2 Biological Nitrogen Isotope Fractionations
		2.3.3 Trophic Level Indicator
		2.3.4 Nitrogen Isotopes in the Mantle and Crust
		2.3.5 Nitrogen in the Ocean and in Sediments
	2.4 Oxygen
		2.4.1 Analytical Methods
			2.4.1.1 Water
			2.4.1.2 Carbonates
			2.4.1.3 Silicates
			2.4.1.4 Phosphates
			2.4.1.5 Sulfates
			2.4.1.6 Nitrates
		2.4.2 Standards
		2.4.3 Fractionation Processes
			2.4.3.1 Fractionation of Water
			2.4.3.2 CO2–H2O System
			2.4.3.3 Mineral Fractionations
		2.4.4 Triple Oxygen Isotope Compositions
		2.4.5 Fluid-Rock Interactions
	2.5 Sulfur
		2.5.1 Methods
		2.5.2 Fractionation Mechanisms
			2.5.2.1 Equilibrium Reactions
			2.5.2.2 Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction
			2.5.2.3 Thermochemical Reduction of Sulfate
		2.5.3 Quadruple Sulfur Isotopes
	2.6 Lithium
		2.6.1 Methods
		2.6.2 Diffusion
		2.6.3 Magmatic Rocks
		2.6.4 Weathering
		2.6.5 Ocean Water
		2.6.6 Meteoric Water
	2.7 Boron
		2.7.1 Methods
		2.7.2 Isotope Fractionation Mechanism
		2.7.3 Fractionations at High Temperatures
		2.7.4 Weathering Environment
		2.7.5 Tourmaline
	2.8 Magnesium
		2.8.1 Calculated Isotope Fractionations
			2.8.1.1 Mantle Rocks
			2.8.1.2 Continental Crust
		2.8.2 Fractionations During Weathering
		2.8.3 Ocean Water
		2.8.4 Carbonates
		2.8.5 Plants and Animals
	2.9 Calcium
		2.9.1 Analytical Techniques
		2.9.2 High Temperature Fractionations
		2.9.3 Weathering
		2.9.4 Fractionations During Carbonate Precipitation
		2.9.5 Variations of Ocean Water with Geologic Time
		2.9.6 Plants, Animals and Humans
	2.10 Strontium
		2.10.1 Silicates
		2.10.2 Carbonates and Sulfates
		2.10.3 Fluids and Plants
	2.11 Barium
		2.11.1 Magmatic Systems
		2.11.2 Ocean
	2.12 Silicon
		2.12.1 Equilibrium Isotope Fractionations
		2.12.2 High-Temperature Fractionations
		2.12.3 Chemical Weathering and Mineral Precipitation
		2.12.4 Fractionations in Ocean Water
		2.12.5 Cherts
		2.12.6 Plants
	2.13 Chlorine
		2.13.1 Methods
		2.13.2 Hydrosphere
		2.13.3 Mantle-Derived Rocks
		2.13.4 Applications in the Environment
	2.14 Bromine
	2.15 Potassium
		2.15.1 Mineral Isotope Fractionations
		2.15.2 Magmatic Environment
		2.15.3 Weathering Environment
	2.16 Rubidium
	2.17 Titanium
		2.17.1 Magmatic Fractionations
	2.18 Vanadium
		2.18.1 High-Temperature Fractionations
		2.18.2 Low-Temperature Fractionations
	2.19 Chromium
		2.19.1 Mantle Rocks
		2.19.2 River and Ocean Water
		2.19.3 Carbonates
		2.19.4 Paleo-Redox Proxy
		2.19.5 Anthropogenic Cr in the Environment
	2.20 Iron
		2.20.1 Analytical Methods
		2.20.2 Isotope Equilibrium Studies
		2.20.3 Meteorites
		2.20.4 Igneous Rocks
		2.20.5 Sediments
		2.20.6 Ocean and River Water
		2.20.7 Plants
	2.21 Nickel
		2.21.1 Mantle Rocks and Meteorites
		2.21.2 Water
		2.21.3 Plants
	2.22 Copper
		2.22.1 Magmatic Rocks
		2.22.2 Ore Deposits
		2.22.3 Low-Temperature Fractionations
		2.22.4 River and Ocean Water
		2.22.5 Plants
	2.23 Zinc
		2.23.1 Fractionations During Evaporation
		2.23.2 Mantle Derived Rocks
		2.23.3 Ore Deposits
		2.23.4 Ocean
		2.23.5 Plants and Animals
		2.23.6 Anthropogenic Contamination
	2.24 Gallium
	2.25 Germanium
		2.25.1 Ore Deposits
		2.25.2 Hydrosphere
	2.26 Selenium
		2.26.1 Fractionation Processes
		2.26.2 Natural Variations at High Temperatures
		2.26.3 Ocean
	2.27 Tellurium
	2.28 Zirconium
	2.29 Molybdenum
		2.29.1 Magmatic Rocks
		2.29.2 Molybdenites
		2.29.3 Sediments
		2.29.4 Palaeoredox Proxy
	2.30 Silver
	2.31 Cadmium
		2.31.1 Extraterrestrial Materials
		2.31.2 Marine Environment
		2.31.3 Ore Deposits and Anthropogenic Pollution
	2.32 Tin
		2.32.1 Magmatic Rocks
		2.32.2 Ore Deposits
		2.32.3 Tin in the Environment
	2.33 Antimony
	2.34 Cerium
	2.35 Neodymium
	2.36 Europium
	2.37 Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE)
	2.38 Rhenium
	2.39 Tungsten
	2.40 Palladium
	2.41 Platinum
	2.42 Ruthenium
	2.43 Iridium
	2.44 Osmium
	2.45 Mercury
		2.45.1 MDF and MIF Fractionation Processes
		2.45.2 Igneous Rocks and Ore Deposits
		2.45.3 Sediments
		2.45.4 Environmental Pollutant
	2.46 Thallium
		2.46.1 Igneous Rocks
		2.46.2 Fractionations in the Ocean
	2.47 Uranium
		2.47.1 Fractionation Processes
		2.47.2 Mantle-Derived Rocks
		2.47.3 Ore Deposits
		2.47.4 Rivers and the Ocean
		2.47.5 Paleo-Redox Proxy
	References
3 Variations of Stable Isotope Ratios in Nature
	3.1 Extraterrestrial Materials
		3.1.1 Chondrites
			3.1.1.1 Oxygen
			3.1.1.2 Hydrogen
			3.1.1.3 Carbon
			3.1.1.4 Nitrogen
			3.1.1.5 Sulfur
			3.1.1.6 Metals
			3.1.1.7 Meteorite-Earth Relationship
		3.1.2 The Moon
			3.1.2.1 Oxygen
			3.1.2.2 Hydrogen
			3.1.2.3 Other Volatile Elements
		3.1.3 Mars
			3.1.3.1 Oxygen
			3.1.3.2 Hydrogen
			3.1.3.3 Carbon
			3.1.3.4 Sulfur
		3.1.4 Venus
	3.2 Mantle
		3.2.1 Oxygen
		3.2.2 Hydrogen
		3.2.3 Carbon
		3.2.4 Nitrogen
		3.2.5 Sulfur
		3.2.6 Stable Isotope Composition of the Core
	3.3 Magmatic Rocks
		3.3.1 Fractional Crystallization
		3.3.2 Differences Between Volcanic and Plutonic Rocks
		3.3.3 Low Temperature Alteration Processes
		3.3.4 Assimilation of Crustal Rocks
		3.3.5 Glasses from Different Tectonic Settings
			3.3.5.1 Oxygen
			3.3.5.2 Hydrogen
			3.3.5.3 Carbon
			3.3.5.4 Nitrogen
			3.3.5.5 Sulfur
		3.3.6 Magnesium and Iron
		3.3.7 Lithium and Boron
		3.3.8 Ocean Crust
		3.3.9 Granitic Rocks
			3.3.9.1 Whole-Rock Oxygen
			3.3.9.2 Non-traditional Isotopes
			3.3.9.3 Zircon
		3.3.10 Volatiles in Magmatic Systems
			3.3.10.1 Water
			3.3.10.2 Carbon
			3.3.10.3 Nitrogen
			3.3.10.4 Sulfur
		3.3.11 Isotope Thermometers in Geothermal Systems
	3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
		3.4.1 Contact Metamorphism
		3.4.2 Regional Metamorphism
		3.4.3 Subduction Zone Metamorphism
		3.4.4 Lower Crustal Rocks
		3.4.5 Thermometry
	3.5 Ore Deposits and Hydrothermal Systems
		3.5.1 Origin of Ore Fluids
			3.5.1.1 Magmatic Water
			3.5.1.2 Metamorphic Water
			3.5.1.3 Formation Waters
		3.5.2 Wall-Rock Alteration
		3.5.3 Fossil Hydrothermal Systems
		3.5.4 Hydrothermal Carbonates
		3.5.5 Sulfur Isotope Composition of Ore Deposits
			3.5.5.1 The Importance of fO2 and pH
			3.5.5.2 Magmatic Ore Deposits
			3.5.5.3 Porphyry Copper Deposits
			3.5.5.4 Recent and Fossil Sulfide Deposits at Mid-Ocean Ridges
			3.5.5.5 Biogenic Deposits
			3.5.5.6 Metamorphosed Deposits
		3.5.6 Metal Isotopes
			3.5.6.1 Copper
			3.5.6.2 Iron
			3.5.6.3 Zinc
	3.6 Hydrosphere
		3.6.1 Meteoric Water–General Considerations
			3.6.1.1 δ2H–δ18O Relationship, Deuterium (D)—Excess
			3.6.1.2 δ17O–δ18O Relationships, 17O Excess
			3.6.1.3 Meteoric Waters in the Past
		3.6.2 Ice Cores
		3.6.3 Groundwater
		3.6.4 Rivers
		3.6.5 Isotope Fractionations During Evaporation
		3.6.6 Ocean Water
			3.6.6.1 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes
			3.6.6.2 Metal Isotopes
		3.6.7 Pore Waters
		3.6.8 Formation Water
		3.6.9 Water in Hydrated Salt Minerals
	3.7 The Isotopic Composition of Dissolved and Particulate Compounds in Ocean and Fresh Waters
		3.7.1 Carbon Species in Water
			3.7.1.1 Bicarbonate in Ocean Water
			3.7.1.2 Particulate Organic Matter (POM)
			3.7.1.3 Carbon Isotope Composition of Pore Waters
			3.7.1.4 Carbon in Fresh Waters
		3.7.2 Silicon
		3.7.3 Nitrogen
		3.7.4 Oxygen
		3.7.5 Sulfate
		3.7.6 Phosphate
	3.8 Isotopic Composition of the Ocean During Geologic History
		3.8.1 Oxygen
		3.8.2 Carbon
		3.8.3 Sulfur
		3.8.4 Lithium
		3.8.5 Boron
		3.8.6 Calcium
	3.9 Atmosphere
		3.9.1 Atmospheric Water Vapour
		3.9.2 Nitrogen
			3.9.2.1 Nitrous Oxide
		3.9.3 Oxygen
			3.9.3.1 Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen
		3.9.4 Carbon Dioxide
			3.9.4.1 Carbon
			3.9.4.2 Oxygen
			3.9.4.3 Long Term Variations in the CO2 Concentration and Isotope Composition
		3.9.5 Carbon Monoxide
		3.9.6 Methane
		3.9.7 Hydrogen
		3.9.8 Sulfur
		3.9.9 Perchlorate
		3.9.10 Metal Isotopes
	3.10 Biosphere
		3.10.1 Living Organic Matter
			3.10.1.1 Bulk Carbon
			3.10.1.2 Position Specific Isotope Composition
			3.10.1.3 Hydrogen
			3.10.1.4 Oxygen
			3.10.1.5 Nitrogen
			3.10.1.6 Sulfur
			3.10.1.7 Metals in Plants
		3.10.2 Indicators of Diet and Metabolism
		3.10.3 Tracing Anthropogenic Organic Contaminant Sources
		3.10.4 Marine Versus Terrestrial Organic Matter
		3.10.5 Fossil Organic Matter
		3.10.6 Oil
		3.10.7 Coal
			3.10.7.1 Black Carbon
		3.10.8 Natural Gas
			3.10.8.1 Biogenic Gas
			3.10.8.2 Thermogenic Gas
			3.10.8.3 Abiogenic Methane
			3.10.8.4 Isotope Clumping in Methane
			3.10.8.5 Nitrogen in Natural Gas
			3.10.8.6 Isotope Signatures of Early Life on Earth
	3.11 Sedimentary Rocks
		3.11.1 Fractionations During Weathering
		3.11.2 Clastic Sediments
		3.11.3 Clay Minerals
		3.11.4 Biogenic Silica and Cherts
			3.11.4.1 Biogenic Silica
			3.11.4.2 Cherts
		3.11.5 Marine Carbonates
			3.11.5.1 Oxygen
			3.11.5.2 Carbon
		3.11.6 Diagenesis
			3.11.6.1 Burial Pathway
			3.11.6.2 Meteoric Pathway
		3.11.7 Limestones
			3.11.7.1 Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy
		3.11.8 Dolomites
		3.11.9 Freshwater Carbonates
		3.11.10 Phosphates
		3.11.11 Iron Oxides
			3.11.11.1 Oxygen
			3.11.11.2 Iron
			3.11.11.3 Fe–Mn Crusts
		3.11.12 Sedimentary Sulfur and Pyrite
			3.11.12.1 Sulfur
			3.11.12.2 Iron
	3.12 Palaeoclimatology
		3.12.1 Continental Records
			3.12.1.1 Tree Rings
			3.12.1.2 Organic Matter
			3.12.1.3 Hydroxyl-Bearing Minerals
			3.12.1.4 Lake Sediments
			3.12.1.5 Speleothems
			3.12.1.6 Phosphates
		3.12.2 Ice Cores
			3.12.2.1 Correlations of Ice-Core Records
			3.12.2.2 Gas-Inclusions in Ice Cores
		3.12.3 Marine Records
			3.12.3.1 Corals
			3.12.3.2 Conodonts
			3.12.3.3 Characteristic Climatic Events
			3.12.3.4 Clumped Isotope Thermometry
	3.13 Additional Applications
		3.13.1 Forensic Isotope Geochemistry
		3.13.2 Medical Studies
	References
Index