Stability and Change in Relationships

Half-title......Page 3
Series title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 13
ORGANIZATION OF THIS VOLUME......Page 16
REFERENCES......Page 17
PART ONE ACTORS: THE SCAFFOLDING OF STABILITY AND CHANGE......Page 19
CHAPTER ONE Change in Relationship Knowledge Representations......Page 23
RELATIONSHIP KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATIONS......Page 24
STABILITY IN RELATIONSHIP REPRESENTATIONS......Page 26
Speed of Change......Page 28
Momentum of Change......Page 29
Breadth of Change......Page 30
Direction of Change......Page 31
Influence of the Temporary Context......Page 32
Influence of the Enduring Context......Page 35
Relationship Representations: Static or Dynamic?......Page 40
Implicit versus Explicit Knowledge and Behavior......Page 41
Affect......Page 42
CONCLUSION......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
CHAPTER TWO Personality Effects on Personal Relationships over the Life Span......Page 53
FOUR OBSTACLES TO EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF PERSONALITY EFFECTS ON RELATIONSHIPS......Page 54
Effects of Parents and Infants on Infant–Parent Attachment......Page 58
Effects of Children’s Aggressiveness on Their Relationships......Page 61
Effects of Shyness on Personal Relationships......Page 63
Personality Effects on Marital Relationships......Page 67
CONCLUSIONS......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 71
CHAPTER THREE An Intergenerational Model of Romantic Relationship Development......Page 75
The Family of Origin......Page 78
Family Members’ Positive versus Negative Attributions or Cognitions about Relationships......Page 80
Behavioral Interactional Processes and Parenting in the Family of Origin......Page 82
Family of Origin Demographic Characteristics and Socioeconomic Status......Page 83
Mediators of Family of Origin Influences......Page 85
Relationship Success......Page 87
TESTING A PORTION OF THE DEARR MODEL......Page 88
Family of Origin Behavioral Interactions, 1989 to 1992: Observer Ratings......Page 90
The Young Adult Couple – Five Years Later......Page 91
Results......Page 92
Discussion......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 97
CHAPTER FOUR How Relationships Begin and End......Page 101
The Similarity Model......Page 102
The Idiographic Model......Page 105
Twins’ Evaluations of Their Cotwins’ Choices......Page 107
THE GENETICS OF DIVORCE......Page 110
If Your MZ Twin Gets Divorced, Is Your Own Marriage Doomed?......Page 114
If Love Is Blind, Can One Avoid the Rocks?......Page 116
THE PURPOSE OF RELATIONSHIPS......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 118
PART TWO BEHAVIORS: THE PROCESSES OF STABILITY AND CHANGE......Page 121
REFERENCE......Page 123
CHAPTER FIVE Serial Arguing over the Relational Life Course......Page 125
Argumentative Episodes......Page 126
Issue-Focus......Page 128
Pattern......Page 129
Form......Page 131
Participant Role......Page 132
Negotiation......Page 133
Courtship Conflict......Page 134
Transition to Marriage......Page 136
Child Rearing......Page 138
Divorce......Page 139
Relational Consequences......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
CHAPTER SIX Communication, Relationship Concerns, and Satisfaction in Early Marriage......Page 147
LONGITUDINAL EXPLORATION OF THE EARLY YEARS OF MARRIAGE......Page 148
Our Own Longitudinal Study......Page 149
Change in Satisfaction......Page 151
Quantity and Quality of Communication......Page 152
Frequency of Conflict......Page 153
Dealing with Conflict......Page 154
Nonverbal Accuracy......Page 155
Attachment......Page 156
Social Support......Page 157
CHANGING PATTERNS OF ASSOCIATION WITH RELATIONSHIP FUNCTIONING......Page 158
Quantity and Quality of Communication......Page 159
Frequency of Conflict......Page 160
Dealing with Conflict......Page 161
Associations with Relationship Concerns......Page 163
Attachment......Page 164
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 169
CHAPTER SEVEN Sacrifice in Romantic Relationships......Page 174
WHY LOOK AT SACRIFICE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS?......Page 175
Definition of Sacrifice......Page 176
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE BENEFITS OF SACRIFICE IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS......Page 178
Examples of Sacrifice: Accommodation and Editing......Page 180
THEORY ON THE POSITIVE ROLE OF SACRIFICE IN RELATIONSHIPS......Page 181
Long-Term View......Page 182
Couple Identity......Page 185
THEORY AND EVIDENCE FOR THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SACRIFICE IN RELATIONSHIPS......Page 186
Attachment Theory......Page 187
Feminist Theory......Page 189
THE ROLE OF PERCEPTIONS IN SACRIFICE......Page 191
Preliminary Evidence Supporting the Crucial Role of Perceptions......Page 193
Other Influences on How Sacrifices Are Perceived......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
CHAPTER EIGHT Stability and Change in Social Relations......Page 200
General Considerations Concerning Social Relationships and Well-Being......Page 201
Reasons Why Social Relationships May Promote Well-Being......Page 202
A Question of Age......Page 203
Social Relationships over Time......Page 204
Evidence for and about Stability in Social Relationships......Page 205
Social Support: An Integral Component of Social Relationships......Page 206
Caregiving as a Very Specific Type of Supportive Relationship......Page 207
Support as a Mediator of Stress......Page 208
Background Information......Page 209
Sample Characteristics......Page 210
Life Stressors......Page 211
Comparative Stability in Social Activities......Page 212
Relationship of Self-Concept to Social Activities......Page 215
Forces of Change......Page 216
SOME CONCLUDING THOUGHTS......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 221
The Conceptual Terrain......Page 225
Controversies......Page 230
Types of Participants or Dyads......Page 231
Tasks, Situations, Social Contexts......Page 233
Level of Measurement: Categorical or Quantitative......Page 234
Sampling Frequency (in Relation to Cycles, Reaction Time, Response Latency) and Session Length......Page 235
Other Design Choices......Page 236
Research Questions for Future Microanalytic Life Span Studies......Page 237
DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 238
REFERENCES......Page 239
CHAPTER TEN Developing a Multifaceted View of Change in Relationships......Page 246
A FRAMEWORK OF CHANGE......Page 248
BACKGROUND......Page 249
WHO CHANGES?......Page 252
WHAT CHANGES?......Page 257
WHEN DO COUPLES CHANGE?......Page 261
CROSS-DOMAIN QUESTIONS......Page 264
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 267
PART THREE CONTEXTS: SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR STABILITY AND CHANGE......Page 273
CHAPTER ELEVEN Social Networks and Change in Personal Relationships......Page 275
Processes by Which Networks Influence the Pair......Page 276
Network Attributes......Page 278
Networks and the “Readiness” to Form Partnerships......Page 279
Networks and the Likelihood That “P” Becomes Aware of and Interacts with “O”......Page 280
Networks and the Development of Mutuality in a Specific Relationship......Page 281
Networks and the Stability vs. Dissolution of the Relationship......Page 283
Changes in Social Networks as a Function of Changes in the Premarital Relationship......Page 285
The Bott Hypotheses......Page 287
Social Networks and Marital Processes......Page 288
Social Networks and Divorce......Page 291
INFLUENCES OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ON INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 292
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 294
REFERENCES......Page 296
“CHANGE” AND COUPLE THERAPY......Page 303
“STABILITY” AND COUPLE THERAPY......Page 305
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR TRADITIONAL AND INTEGRATIVE BEHAVIORAL COUPLE THERAPY......Page 306
INTEGRATIVE BEHAVIORAL COUPLE THERAPY......Page 311
Formulation......Page 312
Assessment......Page 314
Building Emotional Acceptance......Page 315
Stability, Change, and Outcome......Page 319
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Benefit......Page 320
CONCLUSION......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 322
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Passionate Love and Sexual Desire......Page 324
DEFINITIONS OF PASSIONATE LOVE AND SEXUAL DESIRE......Page 325
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 326
Susceptibility to Passionate Love......Page 331
Intensity of Passionate Love......Page 332
Historical Differences in the Meaning of Passionate Love and Sexual Desire......Page 333
GAZING INTO THE FUTURE......Page 336
From Male Supremacy to Gender Equality......Page 337
A Belief That Things Can Change for the Better......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 339
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Rules for Responsive Robots......Page 343
VIRTUAL INTERACTIONS AND HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS......Page 345
DEFINING RESPONSIVE HUMAN INTERACTIONS......Page 347
Function......Page 349
Performance Animation......Page 350
Face-to-Face Conversation between Synthetic Agents......Page 351
Face-to-Face Conversation between a Synthetic Agent and a User......Page 352
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 353
EMPIRICAL MODELS OF HUMAN SOCIAL INTERACTION......Page 354
Analytic Strategy......Page 355
Rules from the Behavior of Individuals......Page 356
Predicting Sequential Rules from Dyads......Page 357
Context Effects......Page 360
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESPONSIVE AND UNRESPONSIVE INTERACTIONS......Page 363
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 366
APPENDIX A. VIRTUAL INTERACTION......Page 369
Author Index......Page 373
Subject Index......Page 388