SPSS Statistics Version 22: A Practical Guide

allen_bennett_sb_48973 2Imprint
allen_bennett_sb_48973 3CONTENTS
	Table of Contents
		Preface xi
		Acknowledgements xiv
		Providing Feedback xiv
		About the Authors xiv
		Chapter 1: Getting Started With SPSS Statistics 1
		Chapter 2: Working With Data 7
		Chapter 3: Summarising and Displaying Data 19
		Chapter 4: One Sample t Test 33
		Chapter 5: Independent Samples t Test 47
		Chapter 6: Paired Samples t Test 61
		Chapter 7: One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 75
		Chapter 8: Factorial Between Groups ANOVA 91
		Chapter 9: One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and Mixed Model ANOVA 109
		Chapter 10: One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) 127
		Chapter 11: Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) 145
		Chapter 12: Correlation 167
		Chapter 13: Multiple Regression 179
		Chapter 14: Logistic Regression 199
		Chapter 15: Factor Analysis 213
		Chapter 16: Reliability Analysis 225
		Chapter 17: Non-Parametric Procedures 239
		17.1. Introduction 239
		17.2. Chi-Square ((2) Test for Goodness of Fit 240
		17.3. Chi-Square ((2) Test of Contingencies 246
		17.4. Mann-Whitney U Test 254
		17.5. McNemar Test of Change 260
		17.6. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 265
		17.7. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA 271
		17.8. Cochran’s Q Test 277
		17.9. Friedman Two-Way ANOVA 282
		17.10. Cramer’s V 288
		17.11. Spearman’s Rho and Kendall’s Tau-B 290
		17.12. Non-Parametric Checklist 294
		Chapter 18: Working with Syntax 295
		References 301
		Index 303
allen_bennett_sb_48973 4PREFACE
	Preface
		About IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22
		About This Book
		Some Final Comments
	Acknowledgements
	Providing Feedback
	About the Authors
allen_bennett_sb_48973_01
	Chapter 1: Getting Started With SPSS Statistics
		Chapter Overview
		1.1. Introduction
		1.2. SPSS Statistics Data Editor
			1.2.1. Data View
			1.2.2. Variable View
		1.3. Creating a Data File
		1.4. Conclusion
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	Chapter 2: Working With Data
		Chapter Overview
		2.1. Introduction
		2.2. Compute
			2.2.1. Illustrated Example
		2.3. Recode
			2.3.1. Illustrated Example
		2.4. Missing Value Analysis
			2.4.1. Illustrated Example
		2.5. Split File
			2.5.1. Illustrated Example
		2.6. Select Cases
			2.6.1. Illustrated Example
		2.7. Conclusion
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	Chapter 3: Summarising and Displaying Data
		Chapter Overview
		3.1. Introduction
		3.2. Frequencies
			3.2.1. Illustrated Example
				3.2.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure
				3.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output
				3.2.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Viewer
		3.3. Descriptives
			3.3.1. Illustrated Example
				3.3.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure
				3.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output
		3.4. Explore
			3.4.1. Illustrated Example
				3.4.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure
				3.4.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output
				3.4.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Chart Editor
		3.5. Chart Builder
			3.5.1. Illustrated Example
		3.6. Conclusion
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	Chapter 4: One Sample t Test
		Chapter Overview
		4.1. Purpose of the One Sample t Test
		4.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the  One Sample t Test
		4.3. Illustrated Example One
			4.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			4.3.2. Analysing the Data
				4.3.2.1. Assumptions
				4.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				4.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				4.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: One Sample t Test)
				4.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test)
			4.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				4.3.3.1. Effect Size
			4.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
			4.3.5. Summary
		4.4. Illustrated Example Two
			4.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
			4.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test)
			4.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				4.4.3.1. Effect Size
			4.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
	4.5. One Sample t Test Checklist
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	Chapter 5: Independent Samples t Test
		Chapter Overview
		5.1. Purpose of the Independent Samples t Test
		5.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Independent Samples t Test
		5.3. Illustrated Example One
			5.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			5.3.2. Analysing the Data
				5.3.2.1. Assumptions
				5.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				5.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				5.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test)
				5.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the  t Test)
			5.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				5.3.3.1. Effect Size
			5.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
			5.3.5. Summary
		5.4. Illustrated Example Two
			5.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
			5.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the t Test)
			5.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				5.4.3.1. Effect Size
			5.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
	5.5. Independent Samples t Test Checklist
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	Chapter 6: Paired Samples t Test
		Chapter Overview
		6.1. Purpose of the Paired Samples t Test
		6.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the                  Paired Samples t Test
		6.3. Illustrated Example One
			6.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			6.3.2. Analysing the Data
				6.3.2.1. Assumptions
				6.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores)
				6.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores)
				6.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test)
				6.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test)
			6.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				6.3.3.1. Effect Size
			6.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
			6.3.5. Summary
		6.4. Illustrated Example Two
			6.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Normality of Difference Scores)
			6.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test)
			6.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				6.4.3.1. Effect Size
			6.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
	6.5. Paired Samples t Test Checklist
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	Chapter 7: One-Way Between Groups ANOVA
		Chapter Overview
		7.1. Purpose of the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA
		7.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA
		7.3. Illustrated Example One
			7.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			7.3.2. Analysing the Data
				7.3.2.1. Assumptions
				7.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				7.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				7.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA)
			7.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				7.3.3.1. Effect Size
					7.3.3.1.1. Effect Size Calculations for the Omnibus ANOVA
					7.3.3.1.2. Effect Size Calculations for the Contrasts and Comparisons
			7.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
			7.3.5. Summary
		7.4. Illustrated Example Two
			7.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
			7.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA)
			7.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				7.4.3.1. Effect Size
			7.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
	7.5. One-Way Between Groups ANOVA Checklist
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	Chapter 8: Factorial Between Groups ANOVA
		Chapter Overview
		8.1. Purpose of the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA
		8.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA
		8.3. Illustrated Example One
			8.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			8.3.2. Analysing the Data
				8.3.2.1. Assumptions
				8.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				8.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				8.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA)
				8.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA)
			8.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				8.3.3.1. Simple Effects and Comparisons
				8.3.3.2. Effect Size (Omega-Squared)
			8.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		8.4. Illustrated Example Two
			8.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output
			8.4.2. APA Style Results Write-Up
		8.5. Conclusion
	8.6. Factorial Between Groups ANOVA Checklist
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	Chapter 9: One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and Mixed Model ANOVA
		Chapter Overview
		9.1. Introduction
		9.2. One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA
		9.3. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA
		9.4. Illustrated Example
			9.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			9.4.2. Analysing the Data
				9.4.2.1. Assumptions
				9.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				9.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				9.4.2.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity and the ANOVA)
				9.4.2.5. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity and the ANOVA)
			9.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
		9.5. Mixed Model ANOVA
		9.6. Questions We Could Answer Using the Mixed Model ANOVA
		9.7. Illustrated Example
			9.7.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			9.7.2. Analysing the Data
				9.7.2.1. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity and the Mixed Model ANOVA)
				9.7.2.2. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity and the Mixed Model ANOVA)
			9.7.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
	9.8. One-Way Repeated Measures and Mixed Model ANOVA Checklist
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	Chapter 10: One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
		Chapter Overview
		10.1. Purpose of the One-Way ANCOVA
		10.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way ANCOVA
		10.3. Illustrated Example One
			10.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			10.3.2. Analysing the Data
				10.3.2.1. Assumptions
				10.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				10.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				10.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes)
				10.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes)
				10.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity)
				10.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)
				10.3.2.8. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA)
				10.3.2.9. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA)
			10.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
			10.3.4. Summary
		10.4. Illustrated Example Two
			10.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
			10.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes)
			10.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)
			10.4.4. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANCOVA)
			10.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up
	10.5. One-Way ANCOVA Checklist
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	Chapter 11: Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
		Chapter Overview
		11.1. Purpose of the MANOVA
		11.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the MANOVA
		11.3. Illustrated Example One
			11.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			11.3.2. Analysing the Data
				11.3.2.1. Assumptions
				11.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Univariate Normality)
				11.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality)
				11.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers)
				11.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers)
				11.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity)
				11.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)
				11.3.2.8. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA)
				11.3.2.9. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA)
			11.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
			11.3.4. Summary
		11.4. Illustrated Example Two
			11.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality)
			11.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers)
			11.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity)
			11.4.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA)
			11.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up
	11.5. MANOVA Checklist
allen_bennett_sb_48973_12
	Chapter 12: Correlation
		Chapter Overview
		12.1. Purpose of Correlation
		12.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Correlation
		12.3. Illustrated Example One: Bivariate Correlation
			12.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			12.3.2. Analysing the Data
				12.3.2.1. Assumptions
				12.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				12.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				12.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity)
				12.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity)
				12.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Correlation)
				12.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Correlation)
			12.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				12.3.3.1. Effect Size
			12.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
			12.3.5. Summary
		12.4. Illustrated Example Two: Partial Correlation
			12.4.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure
			12.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output
			12.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
	12.5. Correlation Checklist
allen_bennett_sb_48973_13
	Chapter 13: Multiple Regression
		Chapter Overview
		13.1. Purpose of Multiple Regression
		13.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Multiple Regression
		13.3. Illustrated Example One: Standard Multiple Regression
			13.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			13.3.2. Analysing the Data
				13.3.2.1. Assumptions
				13.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers)
				13.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers)
				13.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Standard Multiple Regression)
				13.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Standard Multiple Regression)
			13.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				13.3.3.1. Effect Size
			13.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
			13.3.5. Summary
		13.4. Illustrated Example Two: Hierarchical Multiple Regression
			13.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			13.4.2. Analysing the Data
				13.4.2.1. Assumptions
				13.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
				13.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
			13.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				13.4.3.1. Effect Size
			13.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
	13.5. Multiple Regression Checklist
allen_bennett_sb_48973_14
	Chapter 14: Logistic Regression
		Chapter Overview
		14.1. Purpose of Logistic Regression
		14.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Logistic Regression
		14.3. Illustrated Example
			Note. L = Left or Turnover (0 = Did not leave, 1 = Left workplace), JS = Job satisfaction (1 to 7 scale, higher numbers represent higher job satisfaction), WL = Workload (1 to 7 scale, higher numbers represent higher perceived workload), FT = Full-tim...
			14.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			14.3.2. Analysing the Data
				14.3.2.1. Assumptions
				14.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Multicollinearity)
				14.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Multicollinearity)
				14.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Logit Linearity)
				14.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Logit Linearity)
				14.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers)
				14.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers)
			14.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
			14.3.4. Summary
	14.4. Logistic Regression Checklist
allen_bennett_sb_48973_15
	Chapter 15: Factor Analysis
		Chapter Overview
		15.1. Purpose of a Factor Analysis
		15.2. Questions We Could Answer Using a Factor Analysis
		15.3. Illustrated Example
			15.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
			15.3.2. Analysing the Data
				15.3.2.1. Assumptions
				15.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality)
				15.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality)
				15.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Factor Analysis)
				15.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Factor Analysis)
			15.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
			15.3.4. Summary
	15.4. Factor Analysis Checklist
allen_bennett_sb_48973_16
	Chapter 16: Reliability Analysis
		Chapter Overview
		16.1. Introduction
		16.2. Cronbach’s Alpha
			16.2.1. Illustrated Example One
				16.2.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				16.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Reversing Negatively Scaled Items)
				16.2.1.3. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Cronbach’s Alpha)
				16.2.1.4. SPSS Statistics Output
				16.2.1.5. APA Style Results Write-Up
		16.3. Cohen’s Kappa
			16.3.1. Illustrated Example Two
				16.3.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				16.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
				16.3.1.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				16.3.1.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
	16.4. Reliability Analysis Checklist
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	Chapter 17: Non-Parametric Procedures
		Chapter Overview
		17.1. Introduction
		17.2. Chi-Square ((2) Test for Goodness of Fit
			17.2.1. Questions We Could Answer Using the Chi-Square ((2) Test for Goodness of Fit
			17.2.2. Illustrated Example
				17.2.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.2.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.2.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.2.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.2.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.2.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.2.2.3.1. Effect Size
				17.2.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.3. Chi-Square ((2) Test of Contingencies
			17.3.1. Questions We Could Answer Using the Chi-Square ((2) Test of Contingencies
			17.3.2. Illustrated Example
				17.3.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.3.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.3.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.3.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.3.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.3.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.3.2.3.1. Effect Size
				17.3.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.4. Mann-Whitney U Test
			17.4.1. Questions We Could Answer Using the Mann-Whitney U Test
			17.4.2. Illustrated Example
				17.4.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.4.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.4.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.4.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.4.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.4.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.4.2.3.1. Effect Size
					17.4.2.3.2. Graphing the Effect
				17.4.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.5. McNemar Test of Change
			17.5.1. Questions We Could Answer Using The McNemar Test of Change
			17.5.2. Illustrated Example
				17.5.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.5.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.5.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.5.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.5.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.5.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.5.2.3.1. Effect Size
				17.5.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.6. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
			17.6.1. Questions We Could Answer Using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
			17.6.2. Illustrated Example
				17.6.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.6.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.6.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.6.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.6.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.6.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.6.2.3.1. Effect Size
				17.6.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.7. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA
			17.7.1. Questions We Could Answer Using the Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA
			17.7.2. Illustrated Example
				17.7.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.7.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.7.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.7.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.7.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.7.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.7.2.3.1. Effect Size
					17.7.2.3.2. Pairwise Comparisons
				17.7.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.8. Cochran’s Q Test
			17.8.1. Questions We Could Answer Using Cochran’s Q Test
			17.8.2. Illustrated Example
				17.8.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.8.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.8.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.8.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.8.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.8.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.8.2.3.1. Effect Size
					17.8.2.3.2. Pairwise Comparisons
				17.8.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.9. Friedman Two-Way ANOVA
			17.9.1. Questions We Could Answer Using the Friedman Two-Way ANOVA
			17.9.2. Illustrated Example
				17.9.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.9.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.9.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.9.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.9.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.9.2.3. Follow-Up Analyses
					17.9.2.3.1. Effect Size
					17.9.2.3.2. Pairwise Comparisons
					17.9.2.3.3. Effect Sizes for the Pairwise Comparisons
				17.9.2.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.10. Cramer’s V
			17.10.1. Questions We Could Answer Using Cramer’s V
			17.10.2. Illustrated Example
			17.10.3. Follow-Up Analyses
				17.10.3.1. Effect Size
			17.10.4. APA Style Results Write-Up
		17.11. Spearman’s Rho and Kendall’s Tau-B
			17.11.1. Questions We Could Answer Using Either Spearman’s Rho or Kendall’s Tau-B
			17.11.2. Illustrated Example
				17.11.2.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File
				17.11.2.2. Analysing the Data
					17.11.2.2.1. Assumptions
					17.11.2.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure
					17.11.2.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output
				17.11.2.3. APA Style Results Write-Up
					17.11.2.3.1. Spearman’s Rho
					17.11.2.3.2. Kendall’s Tau-B
	17.12. Non-Parametric Checklist
allen_bennett_sb_48973_18
	Chapter 18: Working with Syntax
		Chapter Overview
		18.1. Purpose of Working with Syntax
		18.2. Using Syntax to Conduct an Independent Samples t Test
			18.2.1. Generating Syntax to Test the Normality Assumption
			18.2.2. Command Syntax for Testing the Normality Assumption
			18.2.3. Generating Syntax for Assessing Homogeneity of Variance  and Running the t Test
			18.2.4. Command Syntax for Assessing Homogeneity of Variance and Running the t Test
		18.3. Summary
allen_bennett_sb_48973_19_References
	References
allen_bennett_sb_48973_20_Index
	Index