SPSS Data Analysis for Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate Statistics

Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 6
Review of Essential Statistical Principles......Page 8
Variables and Types of Data......Page 9
Significance Tests and Hypothesis Testing......Page 10
Significance Levels and Type I and Type II Errors......Page 11
Sample Size and Power......Page 12
Model  Assumptions......Page 13
How to Communicate with SPSS......Page 16
Data View vs. Variable View......Page 17
Missing Data in SPSS: Think Twice Before Replacing Data!......Page 19
Frequencies  and Descriptives......Page 26
The Explore Function......Page 30
What Should I Do with Outliers? Delete or Keep Them?......Page 35
Data  Transformations......Page 36
Computing  a New  Variable......Page 39
Selecting  Cases......Page 40
Recoding Variables into Same or Different Variables......Page 42
Sort  Cases......Page 43
Transposing  Data......Page 44
‐Scores in SPSS......Page 46
Correlation  Coefficients......Page 49
Binomial  Tests......Page 57
Chi‐square  Goodness‐of‐fit  Test......Page 59
‐Test for a Mean......Page 62
‐Test for Means......Page 64
Power Analysis and Estimating Sample Size......Page 68
Example Using G*Power: Estimating Required Sample Size  for Detecting Population Correlation......Page 69
‐Test......Page 71
‐Test......Page 72
Analysis of Variance: Fixed and Random Effects......Page 74
Performing the ANOVA in SPSS......Page 75
‐Test for ANOVA......Page 78
Effect  Size......Page 79
Contrasts and Post Hoc Tests on Teacher......Page 80
Alternative Post Hoc Tests and Comparisons......Page 83
Random Effects ANOVA......Page 85
Fixed Effects Factorial ANOVA and Interactions......Page 87
Simple Main Effects......Page 91
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)......Page 93
Power for Analysis of Variance......Page 95
One‐way Repeated Measures......Page 96
Two‐way Repeated Measures: One Between and One Within Factor......Page 104
Example of Simple Linear Regression......Page 108
Interpreting a Simple Linear Regression: Overview of Output......Page 110
Multiple Regression Analysis......Page 112
Scatterplot  Matrix......Page 116
Running the Multiple Regression......Page 117
Approaches to Model Building in Regression......Page 123
Forward, Backward, and Stepwise Regression......Page 125
Interactions in Multiple Regression......Page 126
Residuals and Residual Plots: Evaluating Assumptions......Page 128
Homoscedasticity Assumption and Patterns of Residuals......Page 130
Detecting Multivariate Outliers and Influential Observations......Page 131
Mediation  Analysis......Page 132
Power  for Regression......Page 134
Logistic Regression......Page 136
Example of Logistic Regression......Page 137
Multiple Logistic Regression......Page 143
Power for Logistic Regression......Page 144
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Discriminant Analysis......Page 145
Example  of MANOVA......Page 146
Effect  Sizes......Page 150
Box’s  M  Test......Page 151
Discriminant Function Analysis......Page 152
Equality of Covariance Matrices Assumption......Page 156
MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis on Three Populations......Page 157
Classification  Statistics......Page 163
Visualizing  Results......Page 165
Power Analysis for MANOVA......Page 166
Example  of PCA......Page 167
Pearson’s 1901 Data......Page 168
Component  Scores......Page 170
Visualizing Principal Components......Page 171
PCA of Correlation Matrix......Page 174
The Common Factor Analysis Model......Page 178
Factor Analysis of the PCA Data......Page 179
What Do We Conclude from the Factor Analysis?......Page 182
Scree  Plot......Page 183
Rotating the Factor Solution......Page 184
Is There Sufficient Correlation to Do the Factor Analysis?......Page 185
Reproducing the Correlation Matrix......Page 186
Cluster  Analysis......Page 187
How to Validate Clusters?......Page 190
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis......Page 191
Nonparametric Tests......Page 193
Independent‐samples: Mann–Whitney U......Page 194
Multiple Independent‐samples: Kruskal–Wallis Test......Page 195
Repeated Measures Data: The Wilcoxon Signed‐rank   Test and Friedman Test......Page 196
The  Sign  Test......Page 198
Closing Remarks and Next Steps......Page 201
Refs......Page 202
Index......Page 204