Sports Nutrition: Vitamins and Trace Elements, Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Preface......Page 8
The Editors......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 16
II. IDENTITY AND ROLES OF VITAMINS AND TRACE MINERALS......Page 17
III. EFFECTS OF INCREASED INTAKE OF VITAMINS AND TRACE MINERALS ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND METABOLISM......Page 18
IV. EFFECT OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS ON CONDITIONS INDIRECTLY AFFECTING PERFORMANCE......Page 30
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 40
II. EXERCISE AND ASCORBIC ACID REQUIREMENTS......Page 43
III. EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL ASCORBIC ACID ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE......Page 47
IV. DIETARY INTAKES OF ASCORBIC ACID IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE PERSONS......Page 49
V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 58
II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THIAMIN......Page 59
III. METABOLISM OF THIAMIN......Page 60
IV. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THIAMIN......Page 61
VI. ASSESSMENT OF THIAMIN......Page 62
VII. THIAMIN IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE......Page 63
IX. FOOD SOURCES OF THIAMIN......Page 66
XIV. SUMMARY......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
II. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND METABOLIC ROLES......Page 72
V. ASSESSMENT OF STATUS......Page 73
VI. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 76
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 79
IV. METABOLIC FUNCTIONS......Page 80
V. NICOTINIC ACID DOSES......Page 82
VI. NICOTINIC ACID AND CHOLESTEROL LEVELS......Page 83
VII. NICOTINIC ACID AND SUBSTRATE AVAILABILITY/PERFORMANCE......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 88
II. VITAMIN B6 CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM......Page 91
IV. VITAMIN B6 STATUS ASSESSMENT......Page 92
V. VITAMIN B6 IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 98
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 102
II. INTAKE......Page 108
III. BIOCHEMICAL STATUS IN ATHLETES......Page 109
IV. STUDIES RELATED TO EXERCISE PERFORMANCE......Page 111
V. REQUIREMENTS......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 114
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 120
II. INTAKE......Page 123
III. BIOCHEMICAL STATUS IN ATHLETES......Page 125
IV. STUDIES RELATED TO EXERCISE PERFORMANCE......Page 126
V. REQUIREMENTS......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
CONTENTS......Page 131
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 132
II. METABOLISM......Page 133
III. DIETARY INTAKE AND STATUS ASSESSMENT......Page 138
IV. INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRIENTS AND DRUGS......Page 140
V. EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 147
II. CHOLINE METABOLISM......Page 148
III. CHOLINE REQUIREMENTS AND CHOLINE STATUS......Page 152
IV. DIETARY AND SUPPLEMENTAL SOURCES......Page 153
V. CHOLINE AND EXERCISE INTERACTIONS......Page 156
VI. CHOLINE SUPPLEMENTATION......Page 158
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ISSUES......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
II. SOURCES OF VITAMIN A......Page 170
III. ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF VITAMIN A......Page 172
IV. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN A......Page 173
V. EVALUATION OF VITAMIN A INTAKE AMONG ATHLETES......Page 174
VI. VITAMIN A STATUS AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY......Page 176
VII. SUMMARY......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 182
III. FUNCTION......Page 183
VI. DEFICIENCY......Page 184
X. RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS......Page 185
XV. EXERCISE RELATED RESEARCH—ANIMALS AND HUMANS......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
CONTENTS......Page 189
III. FUNCTION......Page 190
IV. BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 191
VI. EXERCISE-MEDIATED CHANGES IN VITAMIN E STATUS......Page 192
VII. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DAMAGE......Page 193
VIII. ASSESSMENT OF LIPID PEROXIDATION IN ENDURANCE EXERCISE......Page 194
IX. VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATION IN EXERCISE......Page 195
X. ERGOGENIC EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E......Page 198
XII. RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 200
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 202
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 208
II. IRON METABOLISM......Page 209
IV. IRON STATUS OF PHYSICALLY ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS......Page 210
V. IRON SUPPLEMENTATION......Page 214
VI. DIETARY IRON......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 222
II. ZINC METABOLISM......Page 223
III. ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN ZINC NUTRITIONAL STATUS......Page 226
IV. ZINC NUTRITURE OF PHYSICALLY ACTIVE ADULTS......Page 227
V. ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION......Page 230
VI. DIETARY ZINC......Page 232
VIII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 236
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 240
II. COPPER IN FOOD AND ITS DIETARY REQUIREMENT......Page 241
III. COPPER INTAKES IN ATHLETES......Page 243
IV. COPPER BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 244
V. COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOOD AND BODY ORGANS......Page 245
VI. COPPER METABOLISM......Page 246
VII. COPPER REQUIRMENTS OF ATHLETES......Page 251
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND ASSURANCES......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
II. FUNCTIONS OF IODINE......Page 258
III. DEFICIENCY OF IODINE......Page 259
IV. METABOLISM OF IODINE......Page 260
V. INTERACTIONS OF IODINE WITH DRUGS AND OTHER NUTRIENTS......Page 262
VI. ASSESSMENT OF IODINE STATUS......Page 263
VIII. TOXICITY......Page 264
X. EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE......Page 265
XI. CONCLUSIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 271
II. NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT A. S......Page 273
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 276
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 279
IV. METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF SELENIUM......Page 280
V. BODY RESERVES OF SELENIUM......Page 282
VIII. SELENIUM TOXICITY......Page 283
X. EFFECTS OF SELENIUM ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE......Page 284
XII. FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 287
CONTENTS......Page 291
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 292
II. BORON......Page 293
III. MANGANESE......Page 298
IV. MOLYBDENUM......Page 301
V. NICKEL......Page 303
VI. SILICON......Page 306
VII. VANADIUM......Page 310
VIII. SUMMARY......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 315
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 326
II. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS AND CHOLINE......Page 329
III. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS......Page 330
IV. TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 333
Index......Page 335
Back Cover......Page 343