Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage : well-known and new approaches

Contents
Preface
History of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	About the Invention and Establishment of  Cerebral Angiography
	The History of Surgery on Cerebral Aneurysms
	The Development of Aneurysm Clips
	The Investigation of Cerebral Vasospasm
	The Existence of Cerebral Vasospasm
	About the Prophylaxis and Treatment of  Cerebral Vasospasm
	Surgical Timing Over the Decades
	The Development of Interventional Neuroradiology
	The Exploration of Health-Related  Quality of Life
	Conclusion
	References
Arterial and Venous Vascularisation  of the Brain
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Arterial Blood Supply to the Brain
		2.1. Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery
			Cervical Part
			Petrous Part
			Cavernous Part
			Cerebral Part
			2.1.1. Anterior Cerebral Artery
				2.1.1.1. Precommunicating Part (A1 Segment)
				2.1.1.2. Anterior Communicating Artery
				2.1.1.3. Postcommunicating Part (A2 Segment)
			2.1.2. Middle Cerebral Artery
				2.1.2.1. Sphenoid Part (M1 Segment)
				2.1.2.2. Insular Part (M2 Segment)
		2.2. Branches of the Vertebral Artery
			2.2.1. Posterior Spinal Artery
			2.2.2. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
			2.2.3. Anterior Spinal Artery
			2.2.4. Basilar Artery
			2.2.5. Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
			2.2.6. Superior Cerebellar Artery
			2.2.7. Posterior Cerebral Artery
				2.2.7.1. Precommunicating Part (P1 Segment)
				2.2.7.2. Postcommunicating Part (P2 Segment)
				2.2.7.3. Quadrigeminal Part (P3 Segment)
				2.2.7.4. Terminal Part (P4 Segment)
	3. Aneurysms and Neighbouring Structures  of the Intracranial Arteries
		3.1. Internal Carotid Artery
		3.2. Anterior Cerebral Artery
		3.3. Middle Cerebral Artery
		3.4. Posterior Cerebral Artery
		3.5. Basilar Artery
		3.6. Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
		3.7. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
	4. Venous Drainage of the Brain
		4.1. Superficial Cerebral Veins
			4.1.1. Superior Cerebral Veins
			4.1.2. Inferior Cerebral Veins
			4.1.3. Veins of the Medial Surface
			4.1.4. Veins of the Basal Surface
		4.2. Deep Cerebral Veins
		4.3. Veins of the Cerebellum and Brain Stem
	5. Relevance of Cerebral Veins and Dural Venous Sinuses to Surgical Aneurysm Repair
		5.1. Superficial Cerebral Veins
		5.2. Veins of the Cerebellum and Brain Stem
	Acknowledgements
	References
Neuropathology of  Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	Causes of SAH
	References
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
	Abstract
	Epidemiology of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Risk Factors for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	References
Risk Factors:  Formation, Growth, Rupture
	Abstract
	Formation
	Growth and Rupture
	References
Scales
	Abstract
	References
Symptoms, Extracranial Manifestations
	Abstract
	References
Admission, Diagnostic Imaging,  Acute Hydrocephalus
	Abstract
	Initial Neurocritical Care – Medical Evaluation
		Grading Scales
		Epileptic Seizures and SAH
	Diagnostic Imaging
		Computed Tomography
		Lumbar Puncture
		Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA)
		DSA and Three-Dimensional Rotational Angiography
		MRI
	Prevention of Rebleeding
	Acute Hydrocephalus
	References
Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysms.  Pre-, Peri- and Post- Interventional Management
	Abstract
	Post-Interventional Measures
	References
Surgical Therapy of Aneurysms
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Clipping of Ruptured Aneurysms
	Minimally Invasive or Tailored Approaches to Aneurysms
	Retractorless Surgery
	Intraoperative Imaging and Visualization
	Intraoperative Electrophysiology
	References
Decompressive Craniectomy and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	Pathophysiology of Cerebral Oedema
	Indication for Decompressive Hemicraniectomy
	References
Intensive Care: General Considerations
	Abstract
	1. Sedation
	2. Blood Pressure and Fluids
	3. Electrolytes
	References
Intensive Care:
Monitoring
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Clinical Examination
	Monitoring of the Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
	Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography (TCD)
	Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
	Brain Oxygenation Measurements and
	Cerebral Microdialysis
	Biomarkers
	Electrophysiological Monitoring
	Cardio-Respiratory Monitoring
	General Considerations
	Summary Statement
	References
Neuroprotection:
DCI, Vasospasm, Nimodipine
	Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelic Hospital Oldenburg,  Medical Campus University of Oldenburg, Germany
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cerebral Vasospasm - CVS
	Delayed Cortical Ischaemia - DCI
	Pathomechanism
	Neuroprotection
	Pharmacological
		Nimodipine
			Neuroprotection
			Intra-Arterial
			Intrathecal
			Adverse Reactions
		Triple-H Therapy: Hypertension/Hypervolaemia/Haemodilution
		Magnesium
		Statins
		Endothelin-1 Receptor Antagonists
		Other Substance Classes
	Non-Pharmacological
		Interventional
			Intracerebral
			Intra-Aortic Counterpulsation
		Hypothermia
		Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB)
	Conclusion
	References
Endovascular Treatment Options for Cerebral Vasospasm after Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	General Indications for and Timing of Invasive Interventional Management
	Endovascular Prophylaxis
	Intra-Arterial Infusion Therapy (IAIT)
	Specific Considerations Regarding IAIT
	Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty (TBA)
	Specific Considerations Regarding TBA
	Brief Discussion and Wrap-Up
	References
Chronic Hydrocephalus After  Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	References
Epileptic Seizures  in Association with Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	Initial Seizure
	Early Seizure
	Late Seizure
	Non-Convulsive Seizure
	References
Neurorehabilitation after  Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	Development of Neurorehabilitation and
	Legal Regulations
	Early Neurological Rehabilitation/ Phase B According to the Phase Model
		General Aspects
			Patients
			Setting
			Multidisciplinary Treatment Concept
		Specific Aspects in Patients Post Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH)
		Outcomes of Early Neurological/Neurosurgical Rehabilitation
			Length of Acute Hospital Stay (for Patients Transferred to Early Neurological/ Neurosurgical Rehabilitation)
			Percentage of Ventilated Patients Admitted to Early Neurological and  Neurosurgical Rehabilitation
			Weaning
			Decannulation Rates
			Length of Stay in Early Neurological/Neurosurgical Rehabilitation
			Typical Early Rehabilitation Issues
			Transfer Rate in Subsequent Rehabilitation Phases
			Transfer Rate in Care Facilities
			Return Transfer Rate in acute Care Hospitals
			Functional Outcome at the End of Early Neurological and Neurosurgical Rehabilitation
	Continuing Rehabilitation (Phase C)
	Follow-Up Rehabilitation (Phase D)
	Preservative Non-Hospital Nursing Care (Phase F)
	Acknowledgments
	References
Cognitive Plasticity After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	Spectrum of Cognitive Deficits Following Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Plasticity After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Factors Influencing Cognitive Deficits
	Possible Causes of Cognitive Deficits, Therapeutic Strategies and Prospects
	References
Health-Related Quality of Life following Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage  as an Assessment Criterion  for Therapeutic Outcome
	Abstract
	References
Experimental Models for the Study of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
	Abstract
	Injection Models
	Circle of Willis: Perforation Models
	Other SAH Models
	Conclusion
	References
Editors’ Contact Information
Index