Specific Sports-Related Injuries

Preface
Contents
Part I: Team Sports
	1: American Football
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 Epidemiology
		1.3	 Percentage of Injuries and Their Anatomic Locations
		1.4	 General Evaluation of Extremity Injuries
		1.5	 Five Common American Football-Related Injuries
			1.5.1	 Concussion
				1.5.1.1	 Mechanism of Injury
				1.5.1.2	 On-Field Management
				1.5.1.3	 In-Season Treatment
				1.5.1.4	 Prevention of Injury
			1.5.2	 ACL and MCL Injury
				1.5.2.1	 Mechanism of Injury
				1.5.2.2	 On-Field Management
				1.5.2.3	 In-Season Treatment
				1.5.2.4	 Prevention of Injury
			1.5.3	 Anterior and Posterior Labral Tears Associated with Glenohumeral Instability
				1.5.3.1	 Mechanism of Injury
				1.5.3.2	 On-Field Management
				1.5.3.3	 In-Season Treatment
				1.5.3.4	 Prevention of Injury
			1.5.4	 AC Injury and Clavicle Fracture
				1.5.4.1	 Mechanism of Injury
				1.5.4.2	 On-Field Management
				1.5.4.3	 In-Season Treatment
				1.5.4.4	 Prevention of Injury
			1.5.5	 Ankle Sprains and Syndesmotic Injury
				1.5.5.1	 Mechanism of Injury
				1.5.5.2	 On-Field Management
				1.5.5.3	 In-Season Treatment
				1.5.5.4	 Prevention of Injury
		References
	2: Baseball, Softball, Cricket
		2.1	 Introduction to Baseball, Softball, and Cricket
		2.2	 Sports-Specific Mechanics and Injury Risks in Baseball, Softball, and Cricket
		2.3	 Mechanisms of Injuries Common and Unique to Baseball, Softball, and Cricket
		2.4	 Epidemiology of Injuries in Baseball, Softball, and Cricket
		2.5	 Unique Prevention Plans to Avoid and Reduce the Incidence of Injury
		References
	3: Basketball
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Unique Mechanics and Injury Risks in Basketball
		3.3	 Mechanism of Common Basketball Injuries
			3.3.1	 Ankle Ligament Sprains
			3.3.2	 Knee Sprains
			3.3.3	 Contusions
			3.3.4	 Concussion/Head Trauma
			3.3.5	 Finger/Hand Injuries
			3.3.6	 Patellar Tendinopathy
			3.3.7	 Muscle Strains
			3.3.8	 Achilles Tendinopathies/Tears
			3.3.9	 Sudden Cardiac Arrest
		3.4	 Epidemiology of Basketball Injuries
			3.4.1	 High School Basketball
			3.4.2	 Collegiate Basketball
			3.4.3	 Professional Basketball
			3.4.4	 Children
			3.4.5	 Adults
		3.5	 Prevention Plans to Avoid and Reduce Basketball Injuries
			3.5.1	 Neuromuscular Training
			3.5.2	 External Supports
			3.5.3	 Rest
			3.5.4	 Rule Changes
			3.5.5	 Player Tracking
			3.5.6	 Screening
		3.6	 Paralympics: Wheelchair Basketball
		3.7	 Summary
		References
	4: Field Hockey
		4.1	 Sports Modality
		4.2	 Introduction
		4.3	 Ankle Sprains
		4.4	 Knee Injuries: ACL Tears
		4.5	 Head and Face Injuries
		4.6	 Fractures of the Hand and Fingers
		4.7	 Back Pain
		References
	5: Gymnastics (Artistic, Rhythmic, Trampoline)
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Unique Injury Risks and Mechanics of Gymnastics
		5.3	 Epidemiology
		5.4	 Top Five Injuries Associated with Gymnastics
			5.4.1	 Ankle Sprains and Strains
			5.4.2	 Wrist
			5.4.3	 Elbow
			5.4.4	 Shoulder
			5.4.5	 Low Back Injuries
		5.5	 Prevention
		References
	6: Handball
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Physical Demands and Mechanisms of Injuries
			6.2.1	 Throwing
			6.2.2	 Player Contact
			6.2.3	 Landing
		6.3	 Epidemiology of Handball Injuries
			6.3.1	 Risk of Injuries in Handball
			6.3.2	 Injury Severity
			6.3.3	 Anatomical Locations of Handball Injuries
		6.4	 Common and Specific Handball-Related Injuries
			6.4.1	 Knee Injuries
			6.4.2	 Shoulder Injuries
				6.4.2.1	 The Main Pathologies of the Handball Player’s Dominant Shoulder
			6.4.3	 Elbow Injuries
				6.4.3.1	 Elbow Injuries in Field Player
				6.4.3.2	 The Goalkeeper Elbow
		6.5	 Injury Prevention in Handball
			6.5.1	 Prevention of ACL Ruptures in Handball
			6.5.2	 Prevention of Shoulder Overuse Injuries
		References
	7: Ice Hockey
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Mechanism and Sport-Specific Risk of Injury
			7.2.1	 Youth and High School Ice Hockey
			7.2.2	 Junior Ice Hockey
			7.2.3	 College Ice Hockey
			7.2.4	 Professional Ice Hockey
		7.3	 Common Ice Hockey-Related Injuries
			7.3.1	 Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint
			7.3.2	 Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
			7.3.3	 Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
			7.3.4	 Core Muscle Injury
			7.3.5	 Quadriceps Contusion
		7.4	 Epidemiology of Injury
			7.4.1	 Youth and High School Ice Hockey
			7.4.2	 Junior Ice Hockey
			7.4.3	 College Ice Hockey
			7.4.4	 Professional Ice Hockey
		7.5	 Injury by Anatomic Location
			7.5.1	 Youth and High School Ice Hockey
			7.5.2	 Junior Ice Hockey
			7.5.3	 College Ice Hockey
			7.5.4	 Professional Ice Hockey
		7.6	 Injury Prevention
		References
	8: Rugby
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 History
		8.3	 Popular Formats
		8.4	 Team Composition
			8.4.1	 Rugby Union (RU): Fifteen Players per Team
			8.4.2	 Rugby League (RL): Thirteen Players per Team
		8.5	 Similarities and Differences Between Rugby Union and League
		8.6	 Unique Mechanics and Risk Factors for Injury
			8.6.1	 Phase of Play
			8.6.2	 Tackle
				8.6.2.1	 Ruck and Maul
				8.6.2.2	 Scrum
				8.6.2.3	 Running
				8.6.2.4	 Kicking
			8.6.3	 Physiological Demands on Player
			8.6.4	 Player Position
				8.6.4.1	 Forwards
				8.6.4.2	 Backs
		8.7	 Top Five Rugby-Related Injuries
			8.7.1	 Muscle and Tendon Injuries (40 per 1000 Player Hours, 95% CI 21–76)
				8.7.1.1	 Muscle Injuries
				8.7.1.2	 Tendon Injuries
			8.7.2	 Ligament and Joint (Non-bone) Injuries (34 per 1000 Player Hours, 95% CI 18–65)
				8.7.2.1	 Ligament Injuries
				8.7.2.2	 Joint (Non-bone Injuries)
			8.7.3	 Injuries of Central and Peripheral Nervous System (Eight per 1000 Player Hours, 95% CI 4–15)
				8.7.3.1	 Central Nervous System
				8.7.3.2	 Peripheral Nervous System
			8.7.4	 Injuries from Bone Stresses and Fractures (Four per 1000 Player Hours, 95% CI 2–8)
			8.7.5	 Laceration and Skin Injuries (One per 1000 Player Hours, 95% CI 1–3)
		8.8	 Epidemiology (Prevalence and Incidence of Injury)
		8.9	 Anatomic Locations of Common Rugby Injuries
		8.10	 Unique Prevention Plans to Avoid the Most Common Injuries
			8.10.1	 Contribution of International/National Governing Bodies
			8.10.2	 Protective Equipment-Based Studies and Their Evidence
			8.10.3	 Injury-Specific Programmes and Plans
				8.10.3.1	 Concussion
				8.10.3.2	 Cervical Spine Injury
				8.10.3.3	 Shoulder Injury
				8.10.3.4	 Ankle Injury
			8.10.4	 Training-Based Programmes
			8.10.5	 Other Injury Prevention Strategies
		8.11	 Paralympic Rugby Athletes
		8.12	 Summary
		References
	9: Soccer/Football
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 Unique Mechanics and Injury Risks in Soccer/Football
		9.3	 Mechanism of Most Common Soccer/Football Injuries
			9.3.1	 Thigh Injuries
			9.3.2	 Groin Pain: Groin Strains, Athletic Pubalgia, Sports Hernia, Osteitis Pubis, Femoroacetabular Impingement
			9.3.3	 Ankle Sprains
			9.3.4	 Knee Injuries/ACLs/Ligament Sprains/Meniscus
			9.3.5	 Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI)
		9.4	 Epidemiology of Soccer/Football Injuries
			9.4.1	 High School Soccer
			9.4.2	 Collegiate Soccer
			9.4.3	 Professional Soccer
			9.4.4	 Children
		9.5	 Prevention Plans to Reduce Soccer/Football Injuries
		9.6	 Paralympic Soccer
		9.7	 Summary
		References
	10: Volleyball (Indoor, Beach)
		10.1	 History of Volleyball
		10.2	 The Game
		10.3	 Biomechanics of Volleyball
		10.4	 Epidemiology of Volleyball Injuries
		10.5	 Top Five Sports-Related Injuries
			10.5.1	 Ankle Sprains
			10.5.2	 Knee Sprains
			10.5.3	 Throwing Shoulder and Suprascapular Neuropathy
			10.5.4	 Low Back Pain
			10.5.5	 Patellar Tendinopathy
			10.5.6	 Final Consideration: Concussions
		10.6	 Prevention of Injuries
			10.6.1	 Ankle Sprains
			10.6.2	 Knee Sprains
			10.6.3	 Throwing Shoulder and Suprascapular Neuropathy
			10.6.4	 Low Back Pain
			10.6.5	 Patellar Tendinopathy
		References
	11: Water Polo
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Epidemiology
		11.3	 Sports-Specific Illness
		11.4	 Head Injuries
		11.5	 Concussion in Water Polo
		11.6	 Shoulder Injuries
		11.7	 Elbow Injuries
		11.8	 Hand and Wrist
		11.9	 Lower Extremity Injuries
		References
Part II: Individual Sports
	12: Athletics, Sprints, Hurdles, High Jump, Long Jump, Triple Jump, Distance Running
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Injury Epidemiology
		12.3	 Track Disciplines
			12.3.1	 Sprint
			12.3.2	 Hurdles
			12.3.3	 Distance Running
		12.4	 Field Disciplines
			12.4.1	 Jumps
		12.5	 Prevention
		References
	13: Boxing
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Medical Clearance of the Professional Boxer Prior to Competition
			13.2.1 Blood Tests
			13.2.2 Ophthalmological Evaluation
			13.2.3 Special Considerations: LASIK
			13.2.4 Special Considerations: Intraocular Surgery (E.g., Cataract and Retinal Detachment)
			13.2.5 Utility of Neuroimaging in Boxing
			13.2.6 Neuroimaging Prior to Licensure
			13.2.7 Electrocardiogram
		13.3	 Evaluation of the Boxer Before, During, and After Competition
			13.3.1 Pre-bout Evaluation of the Boxer
			13.3.2 Evaluation of a Boxer During a Bout
			13.3.3 Evaluation of a Boxer After a Bout
			13.3.4 Recommended Good Practice Guidelines Regarding Neuroimaging Requirements After a Bout
		13.4	 Injuries in Boxing
			13.4.1 Traumatic Brain Injury
			13.4.2 Further Discussion on Concussion and Return to Sport
			13.4.3 Lacerations
			13.4.4 Orthopedic Injuries
			13.4.5 Ophthalmological Injuries
			13.4.6 Urological Injuries
			13.4.7 Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries
			13.4.8 Head and Neck Injuries
			13.4.9 Thoracic Injuries
			13.4.10 Abdominal Injuries
		13.5	 Prevention of Boxing Injuries
		References
	14: Climbing
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Acute Injuries
			14.2.1	 Hand
			14.2.2	 Shoulder
			14.2.3	 Elbow
		14.3	 Lower Extremity
			14.3.1	 Knee
			14.3.2	 Ankle/Foot
		14.4	 Chronic Injuries
			14.4.1	 Hand/Wrist
			14.4.2	 Elbow
			14.4.3	 Shoulder
			14.4.4	 Ankle
			14.4.5	 Foot
		14.5	 Pearls for Treating Climbers
		References
	15: CrossFit, Spinning, Aerobics
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 Shoulder
			15.2.1	 Introduction
			15.2.2	 Shoulder Injuries
				15.2.2.1	 Inflammatory Injuries
				15.2.2.2	 Shoulder Impingement
				15.2.2.3	 Labral Lesions
				15.2.2.4	 Scapular Dyskinesia
		15.3	 Hip
			15.3.1	 Epidemiology
			15.3.2	 Mechanism of Injury
			15.3.3	 Hip Muscle Injuries
				15.3.3.1	 Prevention
			15.3.4	 Treatment of FAI
		15.4	 Knee
			15.4.1	 Patellofemoral Dysfunction
			15.4.2	 Iliotibial Band Syndrome
			15.4.3	 Patellar Tendinosis
		15.5	 Shin Pain
		15.6	 Achilles Tendinopathy
			15.6.1	 Mid-Portion Achilles Tendinopathy
				15.6.1.1	 Treatment for Non-insertional Achilles Tendinopathy
				15.6.1.2	 Conventional Surgical Treatments
			15.6.2	 Achilles Paratendinopathy
				15.6.2.1	 Treatment
			15.6.3	 Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy
				15.6.3.1	 Treatment
			15.6.4	 Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
				15.6.4.1	 Treatment
			15.6.5	 Superficial Calcaneal Bursitis
			15.6.6	 Achilles Rupture
				15.6.6.1	 Principles of Prevention and Rehabilitation
		References
	16: Cycling (BMX, Mountain, Road, Track)
		16.1	 Sport Characteristics
		16.2	 Epidemiology
		16.3	 Causes of Injuries
		16.4	 Types of Injuries
		16.5	 Rehabilitation and Return to Sport
		16.6	 Prevention Strategies
		16.7	 Equipment and Protection Considerations
		References
	17: Dancing
		17.1	 Dance Modality
		17.2	 Top Five Dance-Related Injuries
		17.3	 Epidemiology
		17.4	 Percentage of Sports-Related Injury and Their Anatomic Locations
		17.5	 Prevention
		References
	18: Equestrian (Dressage, Eventing, Jumping)
		18.1	 Introduction
			18.1.1	 Mechanics and Injury Risk Factors
		18.2	 Categories of Equestrian Athletes/Competition
		18.3	 Epidemiology and Injury Patterns
		18.4	 Most Common Injuries by Anatomic Location
			18.4.1	 Upper Extremity
			18.4.2	 Spine Injuries
			18.4.3	 Head Injuries (Concussion, Traumatic Brain Injury)
			18.4.4	 Lower Extremity Injuries
			18.4.5	 Chest and Torso Injuries
		References
	19: Fencing
		19.1	 Introduction
		19.2	 The Sport
		19.3	 Biomechanics
		19.4	 Epidemiology
			19.4.1	 Incidence
			19.4.2	 Sex and Age
			19.4.3	 Injury Type
			19.4.4	 Injury Location
			19.4.5	 Training vs. Competition
			19.4.6	 Mechanisms
			19.4.7	 Prevention
		19.5	 Safety
			19.5.1	 Equipment Regulations
			19.5.2	 Rules Regulating Athlete Behavior in Competition
			19.5.3	 Specifications for Medical Coverage at Fencing Competitions
		19.6	 Wheelchair Fencing
		References
	20: Field Sports Throwing Injuries
		20.1	 Introduction
			20.1.1	 Throwing Events: The Basics
		20.2	 Unique Mechanics and Injury Risks
		20.3	 Common Injuries in Track and Field Throwing Athletes
			20.3.1	 Shoulder
			20.3.2	 Elbow
			20.3.3	 Wrist and Fingers
			20.3.4	 Lumbar Spine
			20.3.5	 Lower Extremity
		20.4	 Epidemiology
		References
	21: Golf: Injuries and Treatment
		21.1	 Introduction
		21.2	 The Golf Swing
			21.2.1	 Backswing
			21.2.2	 Impact
			21.2.3	 Follow-through
			21.2.4	 Breakdown of Muscle Involvement in the Swing
				21.2.4.1	 Shoulders
				21.2.4.2	 Forearms
				21.2.4.3	 Trunk
				21.2.4.4	 Hip and Knee
		21.3	 Epidemiology of Injuries
		21.4	 Low Back Injuries
		21.5	 Shoulder Injuries
		21.6	 Elbow Injuries
		21.7	 Wrist Injuries
		21.8	 Hip Injuries
		21.9	 Knee Injuries
		21.10	 Foot and Ankle Injuries
		21.11	 Golf Cart Accidents
		21.12	 Skin Conditions
		21.13	 Warm-Up and Injury Prevention
		21.14	 Summary
		References
			Suggested Readings
			Suggested Videos
	22: Judo, Karate, and Taekwondo
		22.1	 Introduction
			22.1.1	 Judo
			22.1.2	 Karate
			22.1.3	 Taekwondo
		22.2	 Common Injuries in Judo, Karate, and Taekwondo
			22.2.1	 Face Injuries
				22.2.1.1	 Facial Trauma Assessment
				22.2.1.2	 Radiological Evaluation
				22.2.1.3	 Nasal Fracture
				22.2.1.4	 Orbital Fracture and Eye Injuries
				22.2.1.5	 Mandible Fracture
				22.2.1.6	 Ear Injury
				22.2.1.7	 Concussion
					Tooth Injuries
					Prevention Measures
			22.2.2	 Cervical Spine Injuries
				22.2.2.1	 Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine
				22.2.2.2	 Epidemiology of Cervical Spine Injuries
			22.2.3	 Elbow Dislocation
			22.2.4	 Hands and Wrist Injuries
				22.2.4.1	 Phalanx Fractures
				22.2.4.2	 Metacarpal Fractures
				22.2.4.3	 Sprain and Dislocation of Fingers
					Finger Sprain
					Finger Dislocation
				22.2.4.4	 Finger Osteoarthritis
				22.2.4.5	 Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
				22.2.4.6	 Ulnar Artery Thrombosis (Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome)
				22.2.4.7	 “Karate Kid” Finger
			22.2.5	 Knee Injuries
		22.3	 Prevention Measures
		References
	23: Luge, Bobsleigh, Skeleton
		23.1	 Introduction
			23.1.1	 Luge
			23.1.2	 Bobsleigh
			23.1.3	 Skeleton
		23.2	 Mechanism
		23.3	 Injury Rates
			23.3.1	 Luge
			23.3.2	 Bobsleigh
			23.3.3	 Skeleton
		23.4	 Common Injuries
			23.4.1	 Luge
			23.4.2	 Bobsleigh
			23.4.3	 Skeleton
		23.5	 Catastrophic Injuries
		23.6	 Revention and Treatment Principles
		References
	24: Marathon
		24.1	 Introduction
			24.1.1	 Runners’ Line of Thinking
			24.1.2	 The “Forrest Gump” Runner’s Behavior Syndrome—A Personal Description
			24.1.3	 Olympic Games [6]
				24.1.3.1	 Amazing Moments in Olympic Marathon
				24.1.3.2	 Men’s and Women’s Marathon World Record
		24.2	 Physiological Demands in Marathon
		24.3	 Relevant Clinical Injuries in Marathon
			24.3.1	 Dehydration
				24.3.1.1	 Hyponatremia
				24.3.1.2	 Hydration
					Postexercise Fluid Intake
					Day-to-Day Fluid Intake
			24.3.2	 Sudden Cardiac Arrest
				24.3.2.1	 Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease (CAD)
				24.3.2.2	 Exertional Heat Stroke
					Clinical Manifestation
					Management
				24.3.2.3	 Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH)
					Clinical Manifestations
					Management
			24.3.3	 Knee Pain
				24.3.3.1	 Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
				24.3.3.2	 Iliotibial Band Syndrome
				24.3.3.3	 Tendonitis of Patellar and Quadriceps Tendons
			24.3.4	 Shin Pain
				24.3.4.1	 Clinical Diagnosis
				24.3.4.2	 Radiological Assessment
				24.3.4.3	 Treatment and Prevention
			24.3.5	 Runner’s Toe and Blisters
		References
	25: Shooting Sports and Archery
		25.1	 Introduction
		25.2	 Mechanics and Injury Risk Factors
		25.3	 Categories of Shooting Sports and Archery
		25.4	 Epidemiology and Injury Patterns
		25.5	 Most Common Injuries by Anatomic Location
			25.5.1	 Shoulder
			25.5.2	 Hand-Wrist
			25.5.3	 Lower Back
			25.5.4	 Lower Extremity
			25.5.5	 Penetrating and Other Injuries
		References
	26: Skating, Speed Skating, Figure Skating
		26.1	 Skating Sports and Activities
		26.2	 Recreational Ice Skating
		26.3	 Short Track Speed Skating
		26.4	 Long Track Speed Skating
		26.5	 Figure Skating
		26.6	 Roller Skating
		26.7	 Skaters with Disabilities
		26.8	 Summary
		References
	27: Skiing (Alpine, Nordic, Road, Track)
		27.1	 Some Key Elements in the History of Skiing
			27.1.1	 Skiing: A Necessity and Survival Tool
			27.1.2	 Skiing: A Fast and Silent Means of Mobility Useful for the Military
		27.2	 When Skiing Becomes Leisure and a Sport
		27.3	 We Propose to Analyze in this Work
		27.4	 Accidentology and Traumatic Pathologies Linked to the Practice of Snow Sports in a Standard Population
		27.5	 Epidemiology, Evolution, Prevention of Downhill Skiing Accidents (from 1968 to 2012)
		27.6	 In the Seventies (the Series of Prof H. Bèzes)
		27.7	 In the Nineties (Prof Saragaglia Series)
		27.8	 In the 2000s (Series by Prof Saragaglia)
		27.9	 Currently
		27.10	 Evolution of Accidents
		27.11	 The Reasons for this Development
		27.12	 The Evolution of the Material (Equipment) Has Changed the Mechanism of Injuries in Alpine Skiing
		27.13	 Prevention
		27.14	 Epidemiology, Evolution, and Prevention of Snowboard Accidents (Snowboard)
		27.15	 Mechanisms and Risk Factors for ACL Tears in Alpine Skiing
		27.16	 Accidentology and Traumatic Pathologies Linked to the “Competitive” Practice of Snow Sports in a Group of High-Level Athletes
		27.17	 Prospective Trauma Monitoring Within the French Ski Teams (Epitraumatic Cohort [1])
		27.18	 Monitoring of ACL Ruptures Within the French Ski Teams
		References
			Bibliographic Supplement
			Theses from Grenoble-Alpes University
	28: Sumo
		28.1	 Introduction (a Brief Presentation of Sumo Wrestling)
		28.2	 Introduction of Unique Mechanics and Injury Risks in Sumo Wrestling
		28.3	 Epidemiology Including Percentage of ­Sports-Related Injury and Their Anatomic Locations
		28.4	 Cervical Spine Injury
		28.5	 Burner Syndrome
		28.6	 Lumber Spondylolysis
		28.7	 Knee Osteoarthritis and Ligament Injury
		28.8	 Shoulder Dislocation
		28.9	 Concussion
		28.10	 Unique Prevention Plans
		References
	29: Swimming, Open-Water Swimming, and Diving
		29.1	 Epidemiology
		29.2	 Swimming
			29.2.1	 Introduction
			29.2.2	 Shoulder
				29.2.2.1	 Epidemiology
				29.2.2.2	 Etiology
					Extrinsic Factors
					Freestyle Stroke
						Butterfly Stroke
						Backstroke
						Breaststroke
				29.2.2.3	 Clinical Evaluation
				29.2.2.4	 Imaging
				29.2.2.5	 Treatment
			29.2.3	 Spine
				29.2.3.1	 Epidemiology
				29.2.3.2	 Etiology
				29.2.3.3	 Clinical Evaluation
				29.2.3.4	 Imaging
				29.2.3.5	 Treatment
			29.2.4	 Knee
				29.2.4.1	 Epidemiology
				29.2.4.2	 Etiology
				29.2.4.3	 Clinical Evaluation
				29.2.4.4	 Imaging
				29.2.4.5	 Treatment
			29.2.5	 Other Musculoskeletal Conditions less Frequent
			29.2.6	 General Medical Conditions in Swimmers
		29.3	 Open-Water Swimming
		29.4	 Diving
			29.4.1	 Epidemiology
			29.4.2	 Etiology
			29.4.3	 Treatment
		References
	30: Racquet Sports: Tennis, Badminton, Racquetball, Squash
		30.1	 Introduction on Racquet Sports
		30.2	 Biomechanics in Racquet Sports
		30.3	 Sports-Related Injuries
			30.3.1	 Upper Extremity
				30.3.1.1	 Shoulder
				30.3.1.2	 Elbow
				30.3.1.3	 Hand and Wrist
				30.3.1.4	 Central Region Injuries (Back and Trunk)
			30.3.2	 Lower Extremity
				30.3.2.1	 Hip/Thigh
				30.3.2.2	 Knee
				30.3.2.3	 Leg
				30.3.2.4	 Ankle
				30.3.2.5	 Foot
		30.4	 Prevention of Injury
		References
	31: Triathlon
		31.1	 Introduction
		31.2	 Exercise Intolerance
		31.3	 Overtraining
		31.4	 Musculoskeletal Injury
		31.5	 Injury Sites and Mechanisms
		31.6	 Factors Contributing to Overuse Injury
		31.7	 Injury Incidence
		31.8	 Prevention
		31.9	 Summary
		References
	32: Weightlifting
		32.1	 Overview
		32.2	 Weight Training-Related Injuries
		32.3	 Risk Factors
		32.4	 Shoulder Injuries
			32.4.1	 Rotator Cuff Tendonosis and/or Tears (Partial or Full Thickness)
			32.4.2	 Distal Clavicle Osteolysis (DCO)
			32.4.3	 Biceps Tendinopathy/Rupture
			32.4.4	 Pectoralis Muscle Strains
			32.4.5	 Glenohumeral Capsular Injury
			32.4.6	 Technique Modifications
		32.5	 Low Back Injuries
			32.5.1	 Technique Modifications
		32.6	 Knee and Thigh Injuries
			32.6.1	 Quadriceps
			32.6.2	 Collateral Ligament Sprains
			32.6.3	 Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Injuries
			32.6.4	 Knee Osteoarthritis (OA)
			32.6.5	 Meniscal Injuries
			32.6.6	 Technical Modifications
		32.7	 Elbow Injuries
			32.7.1	 Medial/lateral Epicondylitis
		32.8	 Paralympic Weightlifting Injuries
		32.9	 In Summary
		32.10	 Guidelines for Strength Training
		References
	33: Wrestling
		33.1	 Introduction
		33.2	 Epidemiology
		33.3	 Location of Types of Injuries
			33.3.1 Head and Neck Injuries
			33.3.2 Cervical Strain/Sprain
			33.3.3 Stingers
			33.3.4 Cervical Cord Neurapraxia
			33.3.5 Ear Injuries
			33.3.6 Knee
				33.3.6.1	 Ligament Injuries
				33.3.6.2	 Meniscus Injuries
				33.3.6.3	 Prepatellar Bursitis
			33.3.7 Foot and Ankle Injuries
			33.3.8 Shoulder Injuries
			33.3.9 Elbow Injuries
			33.3.10 Lumbar Spine
			33.3.11 Rib and Chest Injuries
			33.3.12 Dermatological Conditions
			33.3.13 Injury Severity
		33.4	 Clinical Outcome/Residual Disability
		33.5	 Physical Characteristics
		33.6	 Motor/Functional Characteristics
			33.6.1 Exposure
			33.6.2 Training Conditions
			33.6.3 Environment
			33.6.4 Protective Equipment
			33.6.5 Injury Prevention
		References
Part III: Special Aspects in Sports Injuries
	34: Mental Health Concerns in Athletes
		34.1	 Introduction
		34.2	 Epidemiology of Mental Health (MH) Concerns
		34.3	 Athletic Culture and Personality Factors
		34.4	 Depression and Suicide
		34.5	 Overtraining
		34.6	 Anxiety/Stress-Related Disorders
		34.7	 Sleep Disorders
		34.8	 Disordered Eating (DE)/Eating Disorders (ED)
		34.9	 Substance Use Disorders
		34.10	 Psychological Response to Injury
		34.11	 Screening Tools
		34.12	 Paralympic Athletes
		References
	35: Radiological Assessment of Sports Injuries
		35.1	 Introduction
		35.2	 History of Trauma
		35.3	 Initial Clinical Signs
		35.4	 Radiological Assessment
		35.5	 How Do We Manage It?
		35.6	 Types of Radiological Exams
		35.7	 Conventional Radiography
		35.8	 Computed Tomography (CT)
		35.9	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		35.10	 Comparing Computed Tomography with MRI
		35.11	 Knee
			35.11.1 Fractures
			35.11.2 Fatigue Fracture
			35.11.3 Avulsion Fracture
			35.11.4 Osteochondral Lesions
			35.11.5 Ligamentar Lesions
				35.11.5.1	 Traumatic Patellar Dislocation
				35.11.5.2	 Anterior Cruciate Ligament
				35.11.5.3	 Posterior Cruciate Ligament
				35.11.5.4	 Medial Collateral Ligament
			35.11.6 Lateral Collateral Complex
			35.11.7 Meniscal Lesions
			35.11.8 Tendons and Other Ligaments
				35.11.8.1	 Rupture, Tendinitis, and Tendinosis
		35.12	 Hip
			35.12.1 Avulsion Fractures
				35.12.1.1	 Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
				35.12.1.2	 Athletic Pubalgia (or “Sports Hernia”)
				35.12.1.3	 Femoroacetabular Impingement
			35.12.2 Fatigue Fractures
		35.13	 Elbow
			35.13.1 Biceps Brachii Rupture
			35.13.2 Epicondylitis
			35.13.3 Ligament Injuries
			35.13.4 Fractures
		35.14	 Foot and Ankle
			35.14.1 Fatigue Fracture
			35.14.2 Ligament Injuries
			35.14.3 Morton Neuroma
			35.14.4 Metatarsalgia
			35.14.5 Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
			35.14.6 Achilles Tendon Tear and Tendinosis
			35.14.7 Plantar Fasciitis
		35.15	 Shoulder
			35.15.1 Rotator Cuff Injuries
			35.15.2 Instability
			35.15.3 Traumatic Instability
			35.15.4 Bankart and Other Labral Lesions in Instability
			35.15.5 Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesion
			35.15.6 External Impingement Syndromes
			35.15.7 Acromioclavicular Injury
			35.15.8 Distal Clavicular Osteolysis
			35.15.9 Spine Injuries
			35.15.10 Degenerative Spine Disease and Disc Herniations
		35.16	 Face and Head Trauma
		35.17	 Muscle Injury
			35.17.1 Muscle Injuries
		References
	36: Patient-Reported Outcomes Tailored to Sports Medicine
		36.1	 Introduction
		36.2	 The Definition of PROM
		36.3	 The Importance and Contribution of PROM in Orthopedics
		36.4	 The Lack of a PROM Tailored for SPORTS Medicine
		36.5	 Athletes and Highly Active Sports practitioner’s Population Versus Ordinary People
		36.6	 Why Do We Need a PROM Tailored for Sports Medicine If There Are Already a Considerable Number of PROM Developed to Orthopedics?
		36.7	 Which Will Be the Benefits of a Designed-PROM for Sports Medicine?
		36.8	 Our Philosophy of a PROM Tailored for Sports Medicine
			36.8.1	 Target Population
			36.8.2	 Applicability
			36.8.3	 The Structured Design of 4-Domain PROM in Sports Medicine
			36.8.4	 Our PROM Tailored for Sports Medicine
				36.8.4.1	 First Domain: Uninjured Baseline Status (Patient’s Report)
				36.8.4.2	 Final Considerations
		References