Specialty Polymers: Fundamentals, Properties, Applications and Advances

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Contributors
About the Author
1 Specialty Polymers: An Introduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Specialty Polymers and Their Applications
		2.1 Polymers for Corrosion Protection
		2.2 Polymers for Aerospace and Automobile Industries
		2.3 Polymers for Shape-Memory Applications
		2.4 Polymers for Energy Applications
		2.5 Polymers for Biomedical Applications
		2.6 Polymers for Sensing Applications
		2.7 Polymers for Textile Industries
		2.8 Polymers for High-Strength Applications
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
2 Materials and Chemistries of Polymers
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification
		2.1 Based On the Available Sources
		2.2 Based On the Chain Structure of the Monomer
		2.3 Based On Polymerization
		2.4 Based On Monomers
		2.5 Based On Molecular Forces
	3 Types of Polymers
		3.1 Natural Polymers
			3.1.1 Polysaccharides
			3.1.2 Cellulose
			3.1.3 Lignin
			3.1.4 Pectin
			3.1.5 Starch
			3.1.6 Glycogen
			3.1.7 Chitin
			3.1.8 Alginate
			3.1.9 Proteins
			3.1.10 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
			3.1.11 Polynucleotides
			3.1.12 Polyisoprenes
		3.2 Synthetic Polymers
			3.2.1 Poly(ethylene)
			3.2.2 Poly(propylene)
			3.2.3 Poly(methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
			3.2.4 Poly(glycolic Acid) (PGA)
			3.2.5 Poly(lactic) Acid (PLA)
			3.2.6 Polyanhydrides (PA)
			3.2.7 Polycarbonates (PC)
			3.2.8 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)
			3.2.9 Polyether Ether Ketone
			3.2.10 Polyurethanes
	4 Conclusion
	References
3 Natural Resources for Polyurethanes Industries
	1 Introduction
	2 Chemistry and Types of Polyurethanes
	3 Chemical Requirements in Biomaterials for Polyurethanes
	4 Bio-Derived Polyols
		4.1 Lignin
		4.2 Vegetable Oils
			4.2.1 Soybean Oil
			4.2.2 Castor Oil
			4.2.3 Jatropha Oil
			4.2.4 Palm Oil
		4.3 Cornstarch
		4.4 Wood
	5 Bio-Derived Isocyanates
		5.1 Amino Acid-Based Isocyanate
		5.2 Sugar-Based Isocyanate
		5.3 Vegetable Oil-Based Isocyanate
		5.4 Furan-Based Isocyanate
		5.5 Lignin-Based Isocyanate
		5.6 Cashew Nut Shell-Based Isocyanate
		5.7 Algae-Based Isocyanate
	6 Conclusion
	References
4 Recent Advances in Edible Polymers
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 History of Edible Polymers
		1.3 Main Purposes of Edible Polymers
	2 Categories and Properties of Edible Polymers
	3 Hydrophilic Edible Polymers
		3.1 Polysaccharide-Based Edible Polymers
			3.1.1 Plant-Origin Polysaccharides
			3.1.2 Polysaccharides of Marine Origin: Alginate, Carrageenan, and Agar
			3.1.3 Microbial Extracellular Polysaccharides: Pullulan, Gellan, and Xanthan Gum
		3.2 Protein-Based Edible Polymers
	4 Hydrophobic Edible Polymers
		4.1 Waxes
		4.2 Resins
		4.3 Phospholipids
	5 Major Techniques for Making Edible Polymers in Different Forms
		5.1 Major Techniques for Making Edible Particles
		5.2 Major Techniques for Making Edible Films/Coatings
		5.3 Major Techniques for Making Edible Textiles
	6 Special Applications of Edible Polymers
		6.1 Application of Edible Polymers in the Food Industry
		6.2 Application of Edible Polymers in Biomedicine
		6.3 Other Applications
	7 Conclusion
	References
5 Chicken Fat: A Promising and Sustainable Raw Material for Polyurethane Industries
	1 Introduction
	2 Industrial Need for Renewable Materials
	3 Methods to Synthesize and Characterize Polyols
	4 Importance of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams and Their Preparation
	5 Characteristics of Polyurethane Foams
	6 Conclusion and Perspective
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 Self-Healing Polymers
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Self-Healing Polymer Systems
		2.1 Release of Repairing Agents
			2.1.1 Microencapsulation
			2.1.2 Utilization of Hollow Fibers
			2.1.3 Utilization of Microvascular Systems
		2.2 Use of Reversible Cross-Links
			2.2.1 Diels–Alder and Retro-Diels–Alder Reactions
			2.2.2 Ionomers
			2.2.3 Supramolecular Interactions
		2.3 Utilization of “Miscellaneous” Methods
	3 Applications of Self-Healing Polymer Systems
		3.1 Applications in 3D Printing
		3.2 Applications in Corrosion-Resistant Coatings
		3.3 Applications in Aerospace
		3.4 Applications in Electronics
		3.5 Applications in Tissue Engineering
		3.6 Applications in Drug Delivery
	4 Recent Advances in Self-Healing Polymer Systems
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
7 Emerging Applications of Photocurable Polymers
	1 Definition of Photocuring
	2 Advantages and Limitations of Photocuring Technology
	3 Components of Photocuring Technology
		3.1 Photoinitiators
		3.2 Reactive Diluents
		3.3 Oligomers
		3.4 Additives
	4 Curing Mechanism of Photocurable Oligomers
	5 Applications of Photocurable Polymers
		5.1 Applications in Terms of the Raw Material of the Surface
			5.1.1 On Wooden Surfaces
			5.1.2 On Metal Surfaces
			5.1.3 On Glass Surfaces
		5.2 Applications Based On the Industry
			5.2.1 Applications in Dentistry
			5.2.2 Applications in the Electronics Industry
			5.2.3 Applications in the Automotive Industry
			5.2.4 Applications in the Textile Industry
			5.2.5 Applications in Printing Technology
			5.2.6 Applications in the Packaging Industry
	6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
8 Hyperbranched Polymers and Their Emerging Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Hyperbranched Polymers
	2 Synthesis of HBPs
	3 Types of HBPs
		3.1 Based On Steric Molecular Structure
		3.2 Based On the Polarity of Terminal Groups
			3.2.1 Non-Polar HBPs
			3.2.2 Polar HBPs
		3.3 Based On the Chemical Structure of HBPs
			3.3.1 Polyethylene HBPs
			3.3.2 Polyester HBPs
			3.3.3 Polyphosphate HBPs
			3.3.4 Polyurethane HBPs
			3.3.5 Polyamide HBPs
	4 Properties of HBPs
		4.1 Thermal Properties
		4.2 Mechanical Properties
		4.3 Rheological Properties
	5 Applications
		5.1 HBPs in Optical and Electronic Applications
		5.2 HBPs for Nanocrystals
		5.3 HBPs for Supramolecular Self-Assembly
		5.4 HBPs in Biological Applications
		5.5 HBPs in Polymers and Composites
		5.6 HBPs in Nanocomposites
		5.7 HBPs in 3D Printing
		5.8 HBPs in Coatings
			5.8.1 UV-Curable Coatings
			5.8.2 Anti-Corrosion Coatings
			5.8.3 Printing Inks
		5.9 HBPs as Modifiers
			5.9.1 Toughening Or Reinforcing Agents
			5.9.2 Rheology Modifiers
	6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
9 Advanced Polymers for Defense Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Polymer Classification
		1.2 Structural Characteristics of Polymers
		1.3 Molecular Characteristics of Polymers
	2 Advanced Polymers Used in Armor
		2.1 Body Armor
		2.2 Vehicle Armor
		2.3 Structural Armor
			2.3.1 Polymer Concrete
			2.3.2 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
	3 Advanced Polymers Used in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
		3.1 Helmets
		3.2 Eyewear and Face Masks
		3.3 Breastplates
	4 Conclusions
	References
10 Polymers for Additive Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymer Systems for Fused Deposition Modeling
	3 Polymer Systems for Selective Laser Sintering
	4 Polymer Systems for Stereolithography
	5 Polymer Systems for 3D Inkjet Printing
	6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
11 Emerging Applications of Polymers for Automobile Industries
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials in the Automobile Industry: an Overview
	3 Polymeric Materials Used in the Automobile Industry
	4 Types of Polymers Used in the Automobile Industry
		4.1 Polypropylene
		4.2 Polyurethane
		4.3 Polycarbonates
		4.4 Polyamide
		4.5 Polyvinyl Chloride
		4.6 Polystyrene
		4.7 Polyethylene
		4.8 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
		4.9 Polyoxymethylene Or Polyacetals
		4.10 Polymethyl Methacrylate
		4.11 Polybutylene Terephthalate
		4.12 Polyethylene Terephthalate
	5 Polymer Blends Used in Automobiles
	6 Automobile Parts
		6.1 Exterior Parts
			6.1.1 Automobile Bumpers
			6.1.2 Automobile Headlamps/Rear Lights and Their Housings
			6.1.3 Wheel Covers
			6.1.4 Body-In-White
			6.1.5 Chassis
		6.2 Interior Components
			6.2.1 Instrument Panel (IP)
			6.2.2 Door Panels
			6.2.3 Seats and Related Components
			6.2.4 Under the Hood Components
	7 Polymer Composites Used in Automobiles
	8 Conclusion
	References
12 Polymeric Nanocomposites for Toxic Waste Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Pollutants
	3 Polymer Nanocomposites
		3.1 Solution Methodology
		3.2 In Situ Polymerization Technique
		3.3 Melt-Mixing Technique
		3.4 Sol–Gel Method
		3.5 Electrospinning Technique
		3.6 Template Method
	4 Properties
		4.1 Physical
		4.2 Mechanical
		4.3 Thermal
		4.4 Flame Retardancy
		4.5 Chemical and Barrier Resistance
		4.6 Biological
	5 Polymer Nanocomposites: Potential Water Treatment Materials
		5.1 Adsorbents
		5.2 Membranes
		5.3 Coagulants
		5.4 Electrode Modification for Electrochemical Therapy
	6 Applications
		6.1 Automobiles
		6.2 Containers
		6.3 Paint and Coatings
		6.4 Miscellaneous
	7 Polymer Nanocomposite Recycling and Recovery
	8 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
13 Polymeric Adsorbents for Toxic Waste Removal
	1 Introduction
	2 Fabrication of Polymer-Based Adsorbents
		2.1 Direct Compounding Method
		2.2 In Situ Synthesis
		2.3 Sol–Gel Process
		2.4 Self-Assembly Process
		2.5 Dispersion of Nano-Building Blocks
		2.6 Hierarchical Structures Formation
		2.7 Interpenetrating Networks Formation
	3 Remediation of Toxic Wastes
		3.1 Encapsulation of Heavy Metals
			3.1.1 Copolymer Composites
			3.1.2 Polymer/Clay Composites
			3.1.3 Polymer/Carbon Material Composites
			3.1.4 Polymers/Metal Or Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
			3.1.5 Fiber-Based Materials
		3.2 Encapsulation of Organic Dyes
			3.2.1 Natural Polymers-Based Nanocomposites
			3.2.2 Polymer/Magnetic Nanocomposites
			3.2.3 Polymeric Membranes
		3.3 Removal of Pharmaceuticals
		3.4 Encapsulation of Other Organic Pollutants
	4 Factors Affecting the Removal Process
		4.1 Effect of Solution PH
		4.2 Effect of Temperature
		4.3 Adsorbent Dose
		4.4 Contact Time
	5 Recovery of Adsorbents
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
14 Smart Polymers for Food and Water Quality Control and Safety
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart Polymers
		2.1 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers
		2.2 Sensory Polymers
		2.3 Special Cases
			2.3.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
			2.3.2 Polymers With Immobilized Biomolecules
		2.4 Application of Smart Polymers
	3 Food Quality and Safety Targets for Smart Polymers
		3.1 Gas Indicators
			3.1.1 Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
			3.1.2 Volatile Organic Compounds
			3.1.3 Biogenic Amines
		3.2 Humidity, Temperature, and PH
		3.3 Microorganisms
		3.4 Miscellanea
			3.4.1 Chemicals Derived From Pesticides
			3.4.2 Nitrates and Nitrites in Water
			3.4.3 Heavy Metals
			3.4.4 Other Food Quality Parameters
	4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
15 Polymers and Their Nanocomposites for Corrosion Protection
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods for Studying Corrosion
		2.1 Salt Spray Test
		2.2 X-Ray Diffraction
		2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometry
		2.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
		2.5 Open Circuit Potential
		2.6 Weight Loss
		2.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		2.8 Transmission Electron Microscopy
	3 Corrosion Protective Coatings
		3.1 Conducting Polymer-Based Corrosion Protective Coating
			3.1.1 Polyaniline
			3.1.2 Polypyrrole
			3.1.3 Poly(vinylcarbazole)
		3.2 Nanocomposites of Conducting Polymers for Corrosion Protective Coating
			3.2.1 Carbon Nanoparticles
			3.2.2 Graphene
			3.2.3 MXene Nanosheets
		3.3 Non-Conducting Polymeric-Based Nanocomposite Coatings for Corrosion Protection
			3.3.1 Sunflower Oil-Based Coating
			3.3.2 Jatropha Oil-Based Coating
			3.3.3 Lignin-Based Coating
	4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
16 Polymers for Smart Coatings
	1 Introduction
	2 Easy-To-Clean Coatings
		2.1 Self-Cleaning Coatings
		2.2 Antifingerprint Coatings
		2.3 Antifogging Coatings
		2.4 Anti-Icing Coatings
	3 Self-Healing Coating
		3.1 Extrinsic Self-Healing Coatings
			3.1.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing Coatings
			3.1.2 Vascular and Hollow Fibers
		3.2 Intrinsic Self-Healing Coating
			3.2.1 Self-Healing By Dispersed Thermoplastic Polymers
			3.2.2 Supramolecular Self-Healing Materials
			3.2.3 Host-Guest Chemistry
			3.2.4 Disulfide Bonds
			3.2.5 Diels–Alder Reactions
	4 Smart Chromic Coatings
		4.1 Photochromic Smart Coatings
		4.2 Thermochromic Smart Coatings
		4.3 Electrochromic Smart Coatings
	5 Anticorrosion Smart Coatings
	6 Bioactive Smart Coatings
		6.1 Antifouling Coatings
		6.2 Antimicrobial Coatings
	7 Antireflective Smart Coatings
	8 Fire-Retardant Smart Coatings
	9 Conclusion
	References
17 Polymers for Smart Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Responsive Polymers
		2.1 PH-Responsive Polymers
			2.1.1 PH-Responsive Acidic Polymers
			2.1.2 PH-Responsive Basic Polymers
			2.1.3 PH-Responsive Natural Polymers
		2.2 Thermo-Responsive Polymers
			2.2.1 LCST-Thermoresponsive Polymers
			2.2.2 UCST-Type Thermo-Responsive Polymers
		2.3 Photo-Responsive Polymers
		2.4 Enzyme-Responsive Polymers
			2.4.1 Electric-Responsive Polymers
			2.4.2 Multi-Responsive Polymers
		2.5 Smart Sensors
	3 Conclusion
	References
18 Polymers for the Textile Industry
	1 Polymers: General Knowledge
	2 Classification of Polymers
	3 Polymers in the Textile Industry
		3.1 Terminology and Definitions
		3.2 Fiber-Forming Polymers
			3.2.1 Polyethylene
			3.2.2 Polypropylene
			3.2.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene
			3.2.4 Polyvinyl Chloride
			3.2.5 Polyamide
			3.2.6 Polyethylene Terephthalate
			3.2.7 Polyacrylonitrile
			3.2.8 Spandex
			3.2.9 Polyvinyl Alcohol
		3.3 Polymeric Additives for Fiber-Spinning
			3.3.1 Processing Additives
			3.3.2 Enhancing Additives
			3.3.3 Functional Additives
		3.4 Commonly Used Additives for Fiber Spinning
			3.4.1 UV Protection
			3.4.2 Flame Retardancy
			3.4.3 Water/Oil Repellency
			3.4.4 Antimicrobial Additives
	4 Conclusions
	References
19 Polymers for Adhesives and Sealants
	1 Introduction
	2 Classifications of Sealants
		2.1 Types of Sealant
			2.1.1 Silicone Sealants
			2.1.2 Epoxy Sealants
			2.1.3 Phenolic Sealants
			2.1.4 Polyurethane Sealants
			2.1.5 Acrylic Sealants
			2.1.6 Polysulfide Sealants
		2.2 Curing of Sealants
			2.2.1 Ambient Temperature
			2.2.2 Curing With Heat
			2.2.3 Anaerobic Curing
			2.2.4 UV (Ultraviolet) Rays/Radiation
		2.3 Material Compatibility
		2.4 Properties of Sealants
			2.4.1 Consistency
			2.4.2 Durability
			2.4.3 Hardness
			2.4.4 Resistance to Exposure
			2.4.5 Capability to Move
			2.4.6 Modulus
			2.4.7 Adhesion
			2.4.8 Staining
			2.4.9 VOC Content
			2.4.10 Ease of Application
			2.4.11 Cost
	3 Types of Adhesives
		3.1 Hot Melt Adhesives
			3.1.1 Polyolefin Hot Melt Adhesives
		3.2 Structural Adhesives
			3.2.1 Epoxies
			3.2.2 Acrylics
			3.2.3 Acrylics That Are Anaerobic
			3.2.4 Cyanoacrylates
			3.2.5 Urethanes
			3.2.6 Silicones
		3.3 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
			3.3.1 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber-Based Adhesives
			3.3.2 Acrylic-Based Adhesives
			3.3.3 Silicone-Based Adhesives
		3.4 Waterborne and Solvent-Borne Adhesives (WSA)
	4 Biobased Adhesives and Sealants
	References
20 Polymers for Foams and Their Emerging Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Background
	3 Types of Polymer Foams
		3.1 Classification Based On Foaming Structure: Open- and Closed-Cell Foams
		3.2 Classification Based On Hardness: Soft, Semi-Rigid, and Rigid Polymer Foams
		3.3 Classification Based On Density: Low-, Medium-, and High-Foaming Polymer Foams
	4 Basic Principles for Making Foams
		4.1 Bubble Formation
		4.2 Bubble Growth
		4.3 Bubble Stabilization
	5 Methods to Make Foams
		5.1 Mechanical Foaming
		5.2 Physical Foaming
		5.3 Chemical Foaming
	6 Techniques for Making Polymer Foams
		6.1 Batch Foaming
		6.2 Foam Extrusion Molding
		6.3 Foam Injection Molding
	7 Widely Used Polymeric Foams
		7.1 Polyurethane Foams (PUF)
		7.2 Polyethylene Foams (PEF) and Polypropylene Foams (PPF)
		7.3 Polystyrene Foams (PSF)
	8 Important Applications of Polymeric Foams
		8.1 Product Packaging
		8.2 Sports Equipment
		8.3 Sandwich Panel
	9 Current Research Trends
		9.1 Recent Advancements in Foam-Making Methods
		9.2 Recent Progress in Making Foams With Superior Properties
		9.3 Emerging Applications of Polymer Foams
	10 Drawbacks and Possible Solutions
	11 Conclusion
	References
21 Polymers for High-Performance Flame-Retardant Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Doping Polymers With Flame-Retardant Additives
		2.1 Using Conventional/Synthetic Flame Retardants
		2.2 Using Bio-Based Flame Retardants
	3 Blending/compounding With Flame-Retardant Polymers Or Synthesizing New Polymers With Increased Flame-Retardant Properties
		3.1 Blending With Intrinsically Flame-Retardant Polymers
		3.2 Flame-Retardant Nanocomposites for Polymers
		3.3 3D Printing With Flame-Retardant Polymers
			3.3.1 Underwriters Laboratories UL 94
			3.3.2 FAR 25.853
	4 Epilogue – Outlook
	References
22 Emerging Applications of Polymers in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Performance Polymers
	3 Polymer Types and Their Applications
		3.1 Ionic Polymers
		3.2 Biodegradable Polymers
			3.2.1 Liquid Crystal Polymers
			3.2.2 Cross-Linked Collagen
			3.2.3 Cross-Linked Gelatin
			3.2.4 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs)
			3.2.5 Chitosan
			3.2.6 Alginate Hydrogels
	4 Pharmacological Actions of Some Specialty Polymers
	5 Smart Polymers in Drug-Delivery Systems
		5.1 Prodrug and Hydrogel-Based Drug-Delivery System
		5.2 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs) for Drug Delivery
		5.3 Self-Healing Polymers for Drug Delivery
	6 Dendrimers in Drug Delivery
	7 Designed Engineered Peptides for Drug Delivery
	8 Mucoadhesive Polymer Drug-Delivery Systems
	9 Polymer Micelles for Drug Delivery
	10 Polymers in Pharmaceutical Packaging
	11 Implantable Polymers
	12 Summary
	References
23 Specialty Polymers for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers
		2.1 Chemical Oxidative Polymerization
		2.2 Electrochemical Polymerization
		2.3 Electrospinning
	3 Conductive Polymers for Biomedical Applications
		3.1 Conducting Polymers for Biosensors
		3.2 Conducting Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications
		3.3 Conducting Polymers for Bioelectronic Devices
	4 Non-Conductive Polymers for Biomedical Applications
		4.1 Synthetic Non-Conductive Polymers
			4.1.1 Synthetic NCPs in Biosensors
			4.1.2 Synthetic NCPs in Tissue Engineering
		4.2 Bio-Derived Non-Conducting Polymers
			4.2.1 Bio-Derived Non-Conducting Polymers in Biosensors
			4.2.2 Bio-Derived Non-Conducting Polymers in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
			4.2.3 Bio-Derived Non-Conducting Polymers in Bioelectronic Devices
	5 Conclusion
	References
24 Advanced Polymers for Biomedical Applications
	1 The Fabrication and Characterization of New Polymer-Based Formulations
	2 Sensor Applications of New Polymer-Based Formulations
	3 Drug-Delivery Systems of New Polymer-Based Formulations
	4 Cell Culture Applications of New Polymer-Based Formulations
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
25 Recent Advancements in Polymers for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 An Overview of Polymers for the Biomedical Fields
		2.1 Tissue Engineering
		2.2 Drug Delivery
		2.3 Theragnostics
	3 Polymers for Biomedical Applications: an Overview
		3.1 Bio-Derived Polymers
			3.1.1 Collagen
			3.1.2 Keratin
			3.1.3 Hyaluronic Acid
			3.1.4 Cellulose
			3.1.5 Chitin and Chitosan
		3.2 Synthetic Polymers
			3.2.1 Polyesters
			3.2.2 Polyolefins
			3.2.3 Carbon Quantum Dots
	4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
26 Advanced Polymers for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymeric Biomaterials for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction
		2.1 Silicone
		2.2 PMMA
		2.3 PEEK and PEKK
		2.4 Other Polymers
	3 Polymer Modifications
	4 Craniofacial Reconstructions
		4.1 Midface and Orbit
		4.2 Mandible and TMJ
		4.3 Cranium
	5 Polymeric Materials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering in Dentistry
	6 Limitations and Future Developments
	7 Conclusion
	References
27 Emerging Applications of Polymers for Supercapacitors
	1 Introduction
	2 Conducting Polymers
		2.1 CPs-Based Supercapacitors
		2.2 Nanostructured CPs
		2.3 CPs and Metallic Nanoparticles
	3 Polymeric Electrolytes
		3.1 Synthetic Polymer Electrolytes
		3.2 Natural Polymer Electrolytes
		3.3 Comparison Between Polymer Electrolytes and Liquid Electrolytes
	4 Engineering of Supercapacitors
		4.1 Supercapacitor Devices Applying CPs
	5 Conclusion
	References
28 A Facile Approach to Recycling Used Facemasks for High-Performance Energy-Storage Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Electrochemical Devices
	3 Recycled Facemasks for Supercapacitors
		3.1 Synthesis of Carbon Using Recycled Facemasks
		3.2 Structural Characteristics
		3.3 Electrochemical Performance
	4 Conclusions and Future Remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
29 Polymers in Display Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymer-Based LCDs
	3 Polymers in LEDs (OLEDs)
	4 Polymeric Thin-Film Transistors (PTFTs)
		4.1 Applications of TFTs
	5 Electronic Paper (e-Paper)
		5.1 Electrophoretic Displays
		5.2 Electrochromic Polymers for Display Applications
	6 Transparent Electrodes
		6.1 Conducting Polymers
		6.2 Nanomaterials
	7 Future Perspectives and Challenges
	8 Conclusion
	References
30 Smart Polymers in Flexible Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Smart Polymers
		2.1 Temperature-Sensitive Polymers
		2.2 PH-Sensitive Polymers
		2.3 Light- or Photosensitive Polymers
		2.4 Conductive or Electroactive Polymers
			2.4.1 Intrinsic Conductive Polymers
			2.4.2 Percolated Composites
			2.4.3 Polyelectrolyte Conductive Hydrogels
		2.5 Bioresponsive or Biointeractive Polymers
		2.6 Self-Healing Polymers
		2.7 Magnetic Field-Responsive Polymers
		2.8 Electric Field-Responsive Polymers
	3 General Synthesis of Smart Polymer Nanocomposites
	4 Fabrication of Smart Polymer-Based Flexible Microdevices
	5 Application in Flexible Devices
		5.1 Biomedical Devices
		5.2 Biosensor Devices
		5.3 Flexible Electronic Devices
	6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
Index