Speak up! : an illustrated guide to public speaking

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors and Illustrator
Preface
Contents
1. Introducing Public Speaking
	What Is Public Speaking?
	Why Study Public Speaking?
		Using Public Speaking as a Student
		Using Public Speaking in Your Career
		Try Video Activity 1.1: “Gehrig, Farewell Address.”
		Using Public Speaking in Your Community
	Public Speaking: A Great Tradition
		Try Video Activity 1.2: “Kennedy, I Am a Berliner.”
	Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline
		From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process
		New Technologies, New Channels
		Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity
		Try Video Activity 1.3: “Lama, Spirituality in Today’s World.”
		Emphasis on Critical Thinking
		A Focus on Free and Ethical Communication
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 1.4: “Churchill, St. James Palace Speech.”
		Video Activity 1.5: “Bush, September 2001 Address to Congress.”
2. Developing Your First Speech
	Why Prepare?
	The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation
	Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech
		Analyze Your Audience
		Select Your Topic
		Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose
		Create a Thesis Statement
		Determine Your Main Points
		Try Video Activity 2.1: “Previews, Transitions, and Summaries.”
		Develop Supporting Materials
		Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech
		Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion
		Incorporate Transitions
		Consider Your Word Choice
		Consider Presentation Aids
		Practice Your Speech
		Try Video Activity 2.2: “Mandela, Acceptance of Congressional Gold Medal.”
		Deliver Your Speech
		Try Video Activity 2.3: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton.”
	Overcoming Speech Anxiety
		Prepare Early and Follow a Plan
		Take Care of Yourself
		Visualize Success
		Use Relaxation Techniques
		Volunteer to Speak First
		Never Defeat Yourself
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 2.4: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”
3. Speech Ethics
	Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative
	Legal Speech vs. Ethical Speech
	Communicating Truthfully
		Lying
		Half-Truths
		False Inference
	Acknowledging the Work of Others
		Try Video Activity 3.1: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony).”
		Quoting from a Source
		Try Video Activity 3.2: “Citing Someone Else’s Idea.”
		Paraphrasing the Work of Others
		Common Knowledge
	Using Sound Reasoning
	Being an Ethical Listener
		Show Courtesy
		Demonstrate an Open Mind
		Hold the Speaker Accountable
	Chapter Review
4. Listening Skills
	The Listenting Process
		Listening vs. Hearing
		Processing What You’ve Heard
		Retaining What You’ve Processed
		Listening Styles
	The Culprits Behind Poor Listening
		Unprocessed Note Taking
		Nonlistening
		Interruptive Listening
		Agenda-Driven Listening
		Argumentative Listening
		Nervous Listening
	Becoming a Better Listener
		Filter Out Distractions
		Focus on the Speaker
		Show That You Are Listening
	Maximizing Your Audience’s Listening
		Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech
		Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech
	Listening When You are in the Audience
	Chapter Review
5. Audience Analysis
	Understanding Situational Characteristics
		Size
		Time
		Location
		Mobility
	Incorporating Demographics
		Age
		Try Video Activity 5.1: “Poplin, The Importance of Community Service and Civic Engagement.”
		Gender Composition
		Try Video Activity 5.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown over Time.”
		Sexual Orientation
		Race and Ethnicity
		Religious Orientation
		Socioeconomic Background
		Political Affiliation
		Putting the Demographic Pieces Together
	Seeking Common Ground
		Try Video Activity 5.3: “Churchill, St. James Palace Speech.”
	Identifying Prior Exposure
	Identifying Audience Disposition
	Gathering Information About Your Audience
		Surveying Your Audience
		Interviewing Your Audience
		Considering and Observing Your Audience
	Situational Audience Analysis
	Chapter Review
6. Selecting Your Topic
	Developing a Set of Potential Topics
		Research
		Brainstorming
		Word Association
		Mind Mapping
	Selecting the Best Topic
		Consider the Assignment
		Consider Your Audience
		Consider Your Knowledge and Interests
		Try Video Activity 6.1: “Moise, Humanity 4 Haitian Development.”
		Consider the Speech Context
		Choose a Topic and Stick with It
	Refining Your Topic
		Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose
		Narrow Your Topic
		Try Video Activity 6.2: “Overused Topic (Needs Improvement).”
	Drafting Your Specific Purpose
	Drafting Your Thesis Statement
		Try Video Activity 6.3: “Thesis Statement” and “Thesis Statement: Needs Focus (Needs Improvement).”
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 6.4: “Wiesel, 2006 Dartmouth College Commencement.”
7. Researching Your Speech
	Why Research?
		Try Video Activity 7.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room.”
	Creating a Research Plan
		Inventory Your Research Needs
		Find the Sources You Need
		Keep Track of Your Sources
	Evaluating a Source’s Credibility
		Expertise
		Objectivity
		Observational Capacity
		Recency
		Try Video Activity 7.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony).”
	Conducting Library Research
		Books
		Periodicals
		Newspapers
		Reference Works
		Government Documents
	Using the Internet
		Benefits of Internet Research
		Disadvantages of Internet Research
		Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources
		Credibility of Social Media
		Searching the World Wide Web
	Interviewing Sources
		Prepare for Your Interview
		Set Up Your Interview
		Plan Your Interview Questions
		Conduct the Interview
		Evaluate Your Notes
	Presenting Evidence in Your Speeches
		Try Video Activity 7.3: “Citing Sources (Statistics).”
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 7.4: “Kruckenberg, John Kanzius and the Quest to Cure Cancer.”
8. Using Supporting Materials for Your Speech
	Why Use Supporting Materials?
		Building Audience Interest
		Enhancing Audience Understanding
		Strengthening Audience Memory
		Winning Audience Agreement
		Evoking Audience Emotion
	Types of Supporting Materials
		Examples
		Definitions
		Testimony
		Try Video Activity 8.1: “Royzspal, Litter.”
		Statistics
		Try Video Activity 8.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Facts).”
		Narratives
		Analogies
	Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials
		Choose the Most Credible Proof
		Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
		Appeal to Different Learning Styles
		Avoid Long Lists
		Consider Your Audience
		Try Video Activity 8.3: “Examples (Humorous).”
		Respect the Available Time
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 8.4: “Kim, The Nonmonetary Uses of Gold.”
9. Organizing Your Speech
	Selecting Your Main Points
		Consider Your Purpose
		Take Your Audience into Account
		Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
	Organizing Your Supporting Materials
		Subordination and Coordination
		Try Video Activity 9.1: “Overholser, What Is Good Journalism?”
		When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit
	Arranging Your Main Points
		Spatial Pattern
		Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
		Causal Pattern
		Comparison Pattern
		Categorical Pattern
		Try Video Activity 9.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown over Time.”
		Persuasive Speech Patterns
	Using Organizing Words and Sentences
		Transitions
		Try Video Activity 9.3: “Patterns of Arrangement: Causal.”
		Signposts
		Internal Previews and Internal Summaries
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 9.4: “List, Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chat Rooms.”
10. Introductions and Conclusions
	Introducing Your Speech
		Gain Your Audience’s Attention
		Try Video Activity 10.1: “Anecdote (Personal) in an Informative Introduction.”
		Signal Your Thesis
		Show Your Audience What’s in It for Them
		Establish Your Credibility
		Preview Your Main Points
		Try Video Activity 10.2: “Attention-Getter, Support, Creative Preview.”
	Concluding Your Speech
		Transition to Your Conclusion
		Summarize Your Main Points
		Finish with a Memorable Clincher
		Try Video Activity 10.3: “Clincher: Evokes Response.”
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 10.4: “Full Introduction: Attention-Getter, Thesis, and Preview” and “Full Conclusion.”
11. Outlining Your Speech
	Two Stages of Outlining
		The Working Outline
		The Speaking Outline
	Creating Your Working Outline
		Outlining the Body of Your Speech
		Try Video Activity 11.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room.”
		Outlining Your Introduction
		Outlining Your Conclusion
		Try Video Activity 11.2: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All.”
		Creating a List of Works Cited
		Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
	A Sample Speaking Outline
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 11.4: “Hutchison, Freedom and Success.”
12. Language and Style
	The Importance of Language and Word Choice
	Differences Between Oral and Written Language
	Denotative and Connotative Meaning
		Denotative Meaning
		Connotative Meaning
	Presenting Your Message Clearly
		Understandable Language
		Concrete Words
		Proper Use of Words
		Concise Language
	Expressing Your Ideas Effectively
		Repetition
		Hypothetical Examples
		Personal Anecdotes
		Vivid Language
		Try Video Activity 12.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room.”
		Figurative Language
		Try Video Activity 12.2: “Figures of Speech: Simile.”
		Try Video Activity 12.3: “Figures of Speech: Metaphor.”
	Choosing Respectful and Unbiased Language
		Avoid Stereotypes
		Use Gender-Neutral References
		Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups
		Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality
		A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness
	Chapter Review
13. Delivering Your Speech
	Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery
		Reading from a Manuscript
		Memorizing from a Manuscript
		Speaking from an Outline
		Impromptu Speaking
	Using Verbal Delivery Skills
		Volume
		Tone
		Rate of Delivery
		Try Video Activity 13.1: “Rate Too Fast (Needs Improvement).”
		Projection
		Articulation
		Pronunciation
		Pausing
	Using Nonverbal Delivery Skills
		Eye Contact
		Gestures
		Try Video Activity 13.2: “Gestures: Overly Scripted (Needs Improvement).”
		Physical Movement
		Proxemics
		Personal Appearance
	Chapter Review
14. Using Presentation Aids
	Why Use Presentation Aids?
	Types of Presentation Aids
		The Speaker
		Assistants
		Objects
		Visual Images
		Graphs
		Text-Based Visuals
		Audio and Video
	Using Technology Wisely
		Using Presentation Software
		Using Other Technology
	Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids
		Consider the Forum
		Consider Your Audience
		Make Sure Your Aids Support Your Points
		Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear
		Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids
		Try Video Activity 14.1: “Presentation Software: Checking Beforehand (Needs Improvement).”
	Using Presentation Aids During Your Speech
		Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids
		Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids
		Maintain Eye Contact
		Try Video Activity 14.2: “Presentation Software (Needs Improvement).”
		Remember the Purpose of Your Aids
	Chapter Review
15. Mediated Public Speaking
	The Rise of Mediated Communication
		The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking
		Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations
	Advantages of Mediated Presentations
		General Advantages
		Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches
		Advantages of Real-Time Technologies
		Try Video Activity 15.1: “Reagan, Moscow State University Address.”
	Challenges of Mediated Presentations
		Loss of Naturalness
		Loss of Immediacy
		Decreased Nonverbal Communication
		Diminished Feedback
		Difficulty Managing Distractions
		Technological Difficulties
	Optimizing Delivery and Messages in Mediated Presentations
		Delivery Considerations
		Message Adaptations
		Practice Delivering and Recording
	Recording Your Classroom Speech
		Camera
		Setting and Background
		Try Video Activity 15.2: “Attention-Getter (Needs Improvement).”
		Attire
		Camera Positioning
		Try Video Activity 15.3: “Fallacy: Red Herring (Needs Improvement).”
	Special Considerations for Real-Time Presentations
		Practice with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works
		Select a Robust Internet Connection
		Use Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing
		Create Opportunities for Audience Interaction
		Solicit Feedback through an Alternative Medium
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 15.4: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton.”
16. Informative Speaking
	Techniques for Informing
		Definition
		Explanation
		Description
		Demonstration
		Try Video Activity 16.1: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar.”
		Narrative
		Try Video Activity 16.2: “Conveying Information: Narrative (Needs Improvement).”
	Types of Informative Speeches
		Objects
		Individuals or Groups
		Events
		Processes
		Try Video Activity 16.3: “Conveying Information: Description.”
		Ideas
	Developing Your Informative Speech
		Analyzing Your Audience
		Selecting a Technique
		Focusing on Your Goal to Inform
	Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message
	Sample Informative Speech: Spider Silk: A Miracle Material Derived from . . . Goats?, Rachel Parish
	Chapter Review
17. Persuasive Speaking
	The Nature of a Persuasive Speech
		Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members
		Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims
		Try Video Activity 17.1: “Claims: Policy” and “Claims: Fact.”
	The Nature of Persuasion
		Two Paths to Persuasion
		The Importance of Central Route Processing
		Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?
	Tailoring Your Persuasive Message to the Audience
		Adapting to Audience Disposition
		Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs
		Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values
		Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits
		Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations
		Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs
	Ethical Persuasion
		Help Your Audience Make an Informed Decision
		Research Your Facts
		Note Any Biases
		Attribute Your Research Properly
	Organizing Your Persuasive Speech
		Organizing Fact Claims
		Organizing Value Claims
		Organizing Policy Claims
		Try Video Activity 17.2: “Patterns of Arrangement: Monroe’s Motivated Sequence.”
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 17.3: “Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without.”
18. Methods of Persuasion
	Ethos: Your Credibility as a Speaker
		Understanding the Elements of Credibility
		Building Your Credibility
		Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility
	Logos: The Evidence and Reasoning Behind Your Message
		Using Evidence
		Using Reasoning
		Try Video Activity 18.1: “Reasoning: Inductive.”
		Avoiding Logical Fallacies
		Try Video Activity 18.2: “Fallacy: Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy vs. WWIII (Needs Improvement).”
	Pathos: Evoking Your Listeners’ Emotions
		Using Emotional Appeals
		Try Video Activity 18.3: “Claims: Fact (Appeals to Emotion and Credibility).”
		Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos
	Sample Persuasive Speech: Extra Credit You Can Live Without, Anna Martinez
	Chapter Review
		Video Activity 18.4: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All.”
19. Special-Occasion Speaking
	Types of Special-Occasion Speeches
	General Guidelines for Special-Occasion Speeches
		Appealing to Your Audience’s Emotions
		Try Video Activity 19.1: “Carter, Eulogy of Gerald Ford.”
		Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion
		Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations
		Evoking Shared Values
		Try Video Activity 19.2: “Wiesel, 2006 Dartmouth College Commencement.”
		Respecting Time Constraints
	Strategies for Each Type of Special-Occasion Speech
		Strategies for Speeches of Introduction
		Strategies for Speeches of Presentation
		Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance
		Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize
		Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate
		Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches
	Sample Special-Occasion Speech: 2012 Providence College Commencement Address, Viola Davis
	Chapter Review
20. Group Communication
	Effective Group Leadership
		Selecting a Leader
		Leading Meetings
		Managing Conflict
	Effective Group Membership
		Three Types of Member Roles
		Tips for Participating in a Small Group
	Group Decision Making and the Reflective-Thinking Process
		Define the Problem
		Analyze the Problem
		Establish Criteria for Solving the Problem
		Generate Possible Solutions
		Select the Best Solution
	Delivering Group Presentations
		Symposium
		Panel Discussion
		Single Group Representative
	Chapter Review
Appendix: Additional Sample Speeches
	Sample Informative Speech: Precision-Guided Tumor Killers, Elvia Anguiano
	Sample Persuasive Speech: Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate, David Kruckenberg
	Sample Persuasive Speech: Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls, Michelle Bachelet
	Sample Special-Occasion Speech: Remarks at the Funeral of Civil Rights Leader Rosa Parks, Governor Jennifer Granholm
	Sample Special-Occasion Speech: Speech to Accept the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature, William Faulkner
Notes
Glossary
Index
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover