Speak Up! An Illustrated Guide to Public Speaking - 4th Edition

Cover......Page 2
Inside Front Cover......Page 3
What Students Are Saying about Speak Up......Page 4
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
Contents......Page 21
Half Title......Page 43
1 INTRODUCING PUBLIC SPEAKING......Page 44
What Is Public Speaking?......Page 48
Why Study Public Speaking?......Page 50
Using Public Speaking as a Student......Page 51
Video 1.1: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms”......Page 52
Using Public Speaking in Your Career......Page 53
Using Public Speaking in Your Community......Page 54
Public Speaking: A Great Tradition......Page 56
Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline......Page 61
From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process......Page 62
New Technologies, New Channels......Page 66
Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity......Page 67
Video 1.2: “Humanity 4 Haitian Development”......Page 68
Emphasis on Critical Thinking......Page 70
A Focus on Free and Ethical Communication......Page 71
Chapter Review......Page 74
2 DEVELOPING YOUR FIRST SPEECH......Page 79
Why Prepare?......Page 83
The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation......Page 85
Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech......Page 86
Analyze Your Audience......Page 88
Select Your Topic......Page 89
Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose......Page 91
Create a Thesis Statement......Page 92
Determine Your Main Points......Page 93
Develop Supporting Materials......Page 94
Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech......Page 95
Key Term: Conclusion......Page 97
Key Term: Transition......Page 98
Consider Presentation Aids......Page 99
Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery......Page 100
Video 2.3: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”......Page 102
Overcoming Speech Anxiety......Page 103
Prepare Early and Follow a Plan......Page 104
Take Care of Yourself......Page 105
Use Relaxation Techniques......Page 106
Volunteer to Speak First......Page 107
Never Defeat Yourself......Page 109
Chapter Review......Page 110
Video 2.4: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”......Page 114
3 SPEECH ETHICS......Page 116
Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative......Page 119
Legal Speech vs. Ethical Speech......Page 122
Lying......Page 124
Half-Truths......Page 125
False Inference......Page 126
Acknowledging the Work of Others......Page 129
Video 3.1: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”......Page 130
Quoting from a Source......Page 131
Video 3.2: “Citing Someone Else’s Idea”......Page 132
Key Term: Paraphrasing......Page 133
Common Knowledge......Page 134
Using Sound Reasoning......Page 136
Demonstrate an Open Mind......Page 138
Hold the Speaker Accountable......Page 139
Chapter Review......Page 140
4 LISTENING SKILLS......Page 143
The Listening Process......Page 147
Listening vs. Hearing......Page 148
Processing What You’ve Heard......Page 149
Retaining What You’ve Processed......Page 150
Listening Styles......Page 152
The Culprits behind Poor Listening......Page 154
Unprocessed Note Taking......Page 155
Interruptive Listening......Page 157
Agenda-Driven Listening......Page 158
Argumentative Listening......Page 159
Nervous Listening......Page 160
Filter Out Distractions......Page 161
Show That You Are Listening......Page 162
Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech......Page 164
Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech......Page 165
Listening When You Are in the Audience......Page 167
Chapter Review......Page 168
5 AUDIENCE ANALYSIS......Page 173
Size......Page 179
Time......Page 182
Location......Page 184
Mobility......Page 185
Key Term Video: Demographics......Page 187
Age......Page 188
Gender Composition......Page 189
Sexual Orientation......Page 190
Race and Ethnicity......Page 192
Religious Orientation......Page 193
Socioeconomic Background......Page 194
Political Affiliation......Page 197
Putting the Demographic Pieces Together......Page 198
Seeking Common Ground......Page 200
Identifying Prior Exposure......Page 201
Identifying Audience Disposition......Page 203
Surveying Your Audience......Page 206
Interviewing Your Audience......Page 207
Considering and Observing Your Audience......Page 210
Situational Audience Analysis......Page 212
Chapter Review......Page 215
6 SELECTING YOUR TOPIC......Page 220
Developing a Set of Potential Topics......Page 223
Research......Page 224
Word Association......Page 226
Mind Mapping......Page 227
Selecting the Best Topic......Page 229
Consider the Assignment......Page 230
Consider Your Audience......Page 231
Consider Your Knowledge and Interests......Page 232
Consider the Speech Context......Page 233
Refining Your Topic......Page 234
Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose......Page 235
Narrow Your Topic......Page 236
Video 6.2: “Overused Topic (Needs Improvement)”......Page 241
Drafting Your Specific Purpose......Page 242
Key Term: Thesis Statement......Page 243
Chapter Review......Page 247
Video 6.4: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”......Page 250
7 RESEARCHING YOUR SPEECH......Page 251
Research Is Essential......Page 254
Video 7.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”......Page 255
Research Works Best When You Have a Plan......Page 256
Find the Sources You Need......Page 257
Key Term Video: Citation......Page 259
Evaluating a Source’s Credibility......Page 261
Objectivity......Page 262
Observational Capacity......Page 263
Video 7.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”......Page 264
Books......Page 265
Periodicals......Page 266
Newspapers......Page 268
Government Documents......Page 270
Using the Internet......Page 272
Disadvantages of Internet Research......Page 273
Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources......Page 275
Credibility of Social Media......Page 277
Searching the World Wide Web......Page 279
Prepare for Your Interview......Page 281
Plan Your Interview Questions......Page 282
Conduct the Interview......Page 283
Presenting Evidence in Your Speeches......Page 284
Present the Information Accurately......Page 285
Video 7.3: “Citing Sources (Statistics)”......Page 289
Chapter Review......Page 290
8 USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR YOUR SPEECH......Page 296
Why Use Supporting Materials?......Page 299
Enhancing Audience Understanding......Page 300
Strengthening Audience Memory......Page 301
Winning Audience Agreement......Page 302
Evoking Audience Emotion......Page 303
Key Term: Example......Page 304
Definitions......Page 305
Key Term: Testimony......Page 307
Key Term: Statistic......Page 308
Key Term: Narrative......Page 310
Key Term: Analogy......Page 311
Choose the Most Credible Proof......Page 313
Appeal to Different Learning Styles......Page 314
Avoid Long Lists......Page 319
Video 8.3: “Examples (Humorous)”......Page 320
Chapter Review......Page 321
9 ORGANIZING YOUR SPEECH......Page 326
Selecting Your Main Points......Page 329
Consider Your Purpose......Page 330
Take Your Audience into Account......Page 331
Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points......Page 332
Subordination and Coordination......Page 334
Video 9.1: “Without Liberty and Justice for All”......Page 336
When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit......Page 338
Key Term: Spatial Pattern......Page 339
Key Term: Chronological (Temporal) Pattern......Page 340
Key Term: Causal Pattern......Page 341
Comparison Pattern......Page 342
Key Term: Categorical (Topical) Pattern......Page 343
Persuasive Speech Patterns......Page 345
Transitions......Page 346
Key Term: Transition......Page 347
Signposts......Page 348
Internal Previews and Internal Summaries......Page 352
Chapter Review......Page 353
10 INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 357
Introducing Your Speech......Page 360
Key Term: Attention-Getter......Page 361
Key Term: Rhetorical Question......Page 366
Signal Your Thesis......Page 368
Show Your Audience What’s in It for Them......Page 369
Establish Your Credibility......Page 371
Key Term: Preview......Page 372
Concluding Your Speech......Page 374
Transition to Your Conclusion......Page 375
Summarize Your Main Points......Page 376
Key Term: Clincher......Page 377
Chapter Review......Page 383
11 OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH......Page 387
Two Stages of Outlining......Page 389
The Speaking Outline......Page 391
Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery......Page 392
Outlining the Body of Your Speech......Page 393
Key Term: Transition......Page 396
Key Term: Introduction......Page 397
Creating a List of Works Cited......Page 398
A Sample Working Outline......Page 399
Creating Your Speaking Outline......Page 406
Formatting Your Speaking Outline......Page 407
Elements of Your Speaking Outline......Page 408
Video 11.3: “Rate: Too Fast (Needs Improvement)”......Page 410
A Sample Speaking Outline......Page 411
Chapter Review......Page 416
Video 11.4 “DuBoise, Central Texas Coalition against Human Trafficking”......Page 419
12 LANGUAGE AND STYLE......Page 420
The Importance of Language and Word Choice......Page 425
Differences between Oral and Written Language......Page 426
Denotative and Connotative Meaning......Page 428
Connotative Meaning......Page 429
Understandable Language......Page 431
Concrete Words......Page 433
Proper Use of Words......Page 436
Concise Language......Page 437
Repetition......Page 438
Hypothetical Examples......Page 439
Personal Anecdotes......Page 440
Vivid Language......Page 443
Key Term: Figurative Language......Page 444
Key Term: Simile......Page 445
Video 12.3: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms” (metaphor)......Page 446
Avoid Stereotypes......Page 447
Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups......Page 448
Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality......Page 449
A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness......Page 450
Chapter Review......Page 452
13 DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH......Page 457
Key Term: Delivery......Page 458
Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery......Page 459
Reading from a Manuscript......Page 460
Memorizing from a Manuscript......Page 463
Speaking from an Outline......Page 465
Key Term: Impromptu Delivery......Page 466
Using Verbal Delivery Skills......Page 468
Key Term: Volume......Page 469
Tone......Page 470
Key Term: Rate of Delivery......Page 471
Projection......Page 473
Articulation......Page 474
Key Term: Pronunciation......Page 475
Pausing......Page 476
Key Term: Verbal Filler......Page 477
Key Term: Eye Contact......Page 479
Key Term: Gesture......Page 482
Video 13.2: “Gestures: Overly Scripted (Needs Improvement)”......Page 484
Key Term: Physical Movement......Page 485
Proxemics......Page 486
Key Term: Personal Appearance......Page 488
Chapter Review......Page 491
14 USING PRESENTATION AIDS......Page 496
Presentation Aids Can Make Your Speech More Interesting......Page 499
Presentation Aids Can Help Your Audience Remember Your Speech......Page 500
The Speaker......Page 501
Assistants......Page 503
Objects......Page 504
Visual Images......Page 506
Graphs......Page 508
Text-Based Visuals......Page 509
Audio and Video......Page 511
Key Term: Presentation Software......Page 513
Using Other Technology......Page 515
Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids......Page 516
Consider Your Audience......Page 517
Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear......Page 520
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids......Page 522
Using Presentation Aids during Your Speech......Page 524
Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids......Page 526
Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids......Page 527
Maintain Eye Contact......Page 529
Video 14.2: “Presentation Software (Needs Improvement)”......Page 530
Chapter Review......Page 531
15 MEDIATED PUBLIC SPEAKING......Page 535
The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking......Page 540
Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations......Page 541
Advantages of Mediated Presentations......Page 542
General Advantages......Page 543
Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches......Page 544
Advantages of Real-Time Technologies......Page 545
Challenges of Mediated Presentations......Page 546
Loss of Naturalness......Page 547
Decreased Nonverbal Communication......Page 548
Diminished Feedback......Page 549
Difficulty Managing Distractions......Page 550
Delivery Considerations......Page 551
Message Adaptations......Page 553
Practicing Delivery and Recording......Page 556
Camera......Page 558
Setting and Background......Page 559
Attire......Page 560
Camera Positioning......Page 561
Video 15.3: “Fallacy: Red Herring (Needs Improvement)”......Page 562
Practicing with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works......Page 563
Using Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing......Page 564
Creating Opportunities for Audience Interaction......Page 566
Soliciting Feedback through an Alternative Medium......Page 567
Chapter Review......Page 568
16 INFORMATIVE SPEAKING......Page 572
Key Term: Definition......Page 575
Key Term: Explanation......Page 577
Key Term: Description......Page 578
Key Term: Demonstration......Page 579
Video 16.1: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”......Page 581
Key Term: Narrative......Page 582
Video 16.2: “Conveying Information: Narrative (Needs Improvement)”......Page 583
Objects......Page 584
Individuals or Groups......Page 586
Events......Page 589
Processes......Page 591
Video 16.3: “Conveying Information: Description”......Page 592
Ideas......Page 594
Analyzing Your Audience......Page 596
Selecting a Technique......Page 597
Focusing on Your Goal to Inform......Page 599
Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message......Page 600
Rachel Parish, Spider Silk: A Miracle Derived from . . . Goats?......Page 605
Chapter Review......Page 612
17 PERSUASIVE SPEAKING......Page 616
Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members......Page 619
Key Term: Fact Claim......Page 621
Key Term: Policy Claim......Page 622
Two Paths to Persuasion......Page 623
Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?......Page 624
Adapting to Audience Disposition......Page 625
Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs......Page 628
Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values......Page 629
Accounting for Audience Beliefs......Page 631
Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs......Page 632
Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits......Page 634
Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations......Page 635
Ethical Persuasion......Page 636
Research Your Facts......Page 637
Attribute Your Research Properly......Page 639
Organizing Fact Claims......Page 640
Organizing Value Claims......Page 642
Key Term: Motivated Sequence......Page 645
Key Term: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern......Page 646
Chapter Review......Page 649
18 METHODS OF PERSUASION......Page 653
Understanding the Elements of Credibility......Page 656
Building Your Credibility......Page 657
Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility......Page 658
Key Term: Logos......Page 661
Using Evidence......Page 662
Key Term: Inductive Reasoning......Page 665
Video 18.1: “Reasoning: Inductive”......Page 672
Key Term: Hasty Generalization......Page 673
Key Term: Ad Populum (Bandwagon) Fallacy......Page 674
Key Term: Ad Hominem (Personal Attack) Fallacy......Page 675
Key Term: Slippery Slope Fallacy......Page 676
Key Term: False Dilemma Fallacy......Page 677
Video 18.2: “Fallacy: Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy vs. WWIII”......Page 678
Key Term: Pathos......Page 679
Using Emotional Appeals......Page 680
Video 18.3: “Claims: Fact (Appeals to Emotion and Crediblity)”......Page 681
Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos......Page 684
Anna Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without......Page 686
Chapter Review......Page 692
Video 18.4: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All”......Page 695
19 SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEAKING......Page 698
Types of Special-Occasion Speeches......Page 701
General Guidelines for Special-Occasion Speeches......Page 704
Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion......Page 705
Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations......Page 707
Video 19.2: “Language, Delivery, and Special Occasion Speeches”......Page 708
Respecting Time Constraints......Page 709
Strategies for Speeches of Introduction......Page 710
Strategies for Speeches of Presentation......Page 713
Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance......Page 715
Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize......Page 718
Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate......Page 720
Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches......Page 721
Joseph Tuman, Swearing-in Ceremony for New U.S. Citizens......Page 724
Chapter Review......Page 730
20 GROUP COMMUNICATION......Page 734
Effective Group Leadership......Page 738
Selecting a Leader......Page 739
Leading Meetings......Page 742
Managing Conflict......Page 746
Three Types of Member Roles......Page 749
Tips for Participating in a Small Group......Page 753
Analyze the Problem......Page 757
Generate Possible Solutions......Page 758
Symposium......Page 759
Panel Discussion......Page 760
Single Group Representative......Page 761
Chapter Review......Page 763
How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Speech Outline......Page 766
How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Full-Length Speech......Page 775
Why Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Speech Outline......Page 781
Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Full-Length Speech......Page 786
David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate......Page 791
Michelle Bachelet, Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls......Page 796
Notes......Page 800
Glossary......Page 827
Index......Page 849
Speech Choices......Page 901
Inside Back Cover......Page 902
Back Cover......Page 903