Spatial Modeling in Forest Resources Management : Rural Livelihood and Sustainable Development

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Part IForest Resources Measurement, Monitoring and Mapping
1 Forest Management with Advance Geoscience: Future Prospects
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Geosciences to Improve Forest Assessment
	1.3 Cloud Computing and Forest Management
	1.4 Integration of Participatory Approach and Geospatial Technology
	1.5 Mobile Application in Forest Management
		1.5.1 Hejje (Pug Mark)
		1.5.2 Urban Forest Cloud Tree Inventory App
		1.5.3 Tree Sense
		1.5.4 Timber Tracker
		1.5.5 Leafsnap
		1.5.6 Tree Trails
		1.5.7 Tree Book
		1.5.8 Tree Tagger
	1.6 Near Real Time Monitoring of the Forest-Sensitive Zones
	1.7 Crowd Sourcing in Forest Management
	1.8 Crisis Mapping of Forest Cover
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
2 Estimation of Net Primary Productivity: An Introduction to Different Approaches
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Data and Modelling
		2.2.1 The Carbon Cycle Components
		2.2.2 In Situ Measurements
		2.2.3 Satellite Measurements
		2.2.4 Modelling
	2.3 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
3 Assessing Forest Health using Geographical Information System Based Analytical Hierarchy Process: Evidences from Southern West Bengal, India
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methods and Database
		3.2.1 Study Area
		3.2.2 Database and Methods
		3.2.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
		3.2.4 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
		3.2.5 Greenness Index (GI)
		3.2.6 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI)
		3.2.7 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)
		3.2.8 Shadow Index (SI)
		3.2.9 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI)
	3.3 Result and Discussions
		3.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
		3.3.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
		3.3.3 Greenness Index (GI)
		3.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI)
		3.3.5 Shadow Index (SI)
		3.3.6 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI)
		3.3.7 Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
		3.3.8 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)
	3.4 Discussion
		3.4.1 Vegetation Status Identification Through AHP
	3.5 Conclusion and Policy Implication
	References
4 Ecological Determinants of Woody Plant Species Richness in the Indian Himalayan Forest
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methods
		4.2.1 Study Area
		4.2.2 Biotic Determinants
		4.2.3 Abiotic Determinants
		4.2.4 Data Preparation
		4.2.5 Statistical Analysis
	4.3 Results
	4.4 Discussion
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Multivariate Analysis of Soil-Vegetation Interaction and Species Diversity in a Natural Environment of Rhus coriaria L. (Case Study: Bideskan Habitat, Southern Khorasan, Iran)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Materials and Methods
		5.2.1 Study Area
		5.2.2 Sumac Species
		5.2.3 Research Methodology
		5.2.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		5.2.5 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
	5.3 Results and Discussion
		5.3.1 Vegetation Community
		5.3.2 Student’s t-test of Independent Samples
		5.3.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		5.3.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
	5.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
6 Comparative Assessment of Forest Deterioration through Remotely Sensed Indices—A Case Study in Korba District (Chhattisgarh, India)
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Method
		6.2.1 Study Area
		6.2.2 Data Used
		6.2.3 Vegetation Indices
		6.2.4 Change Detection Analysis
		6.2.5 Accuracy Assessment
		6.2.6 Forest Degradation Mapping and Evaluation
	6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.3.1 Forest Cover
		6.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
		6.3.3 Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI)
		6.3.4 Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
		6.3.5 Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index2 (MSAVI2)
		6.3.6 Estimation and Spatial Variation of Forest Degradation
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Comparison of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) for Vegetation Monitoring
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methodology
		7.2.1 Study Area
		7.2.2 Data Acquisition
		7.2.3 Comparison Method Based on Spatial Resolution
		7.2.4 Statistical Analysis
	7.3 Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Comparison of Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 Spectral Bands
		7.3.2 Cross-Comparison of Vegetation Indices in Different Land Cover Types
		7.3.3 Evaluation of Integral Performance of Vegetation Indices (NDVI and EVI) for Different Land Use Land Cover Types
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
8 Comparative Assessments of Forest Cover Change in Some Districts of West Bengal, India using Geospatial Techniques
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Study Area
	8.3 Materials and Methods
		8.3.1 Data Used
		8.3.2 Methodology
		8.3.3 Accuracy Assessment
	8.4 Results and Discussion
		8.4.1 LULC Feature
		8.4.2 Vegetation Dynamics
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9 Assessment of Forest Health using Remote Sensing—A Case Study of Simlipal National Park, Odisha (India)
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Study Area
	9.3 Materials and Method
		9.3.1 Data Sources and Pre-processing
		9.3.2 Estimation of Forest Health
		9.3.3 Estimation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
		9.3.4 Estimation of Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI)
		9.3.5 Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio (MCARI)
		9.3.6 Estimation of Moisture Stress Index (MSI)
		9.3.7 Accuracy Assessment
		9.3.8 Weighted Sum Analysis
	9.4 Results and Discussion
		9.4.1 NDVI Analysis
		9.4.2 SARVI Analysis
		9.4.3 MCARI Analysis
		9.4.4 MSI Analysis
		9.4.5 Accuracy Assessment
		9.4.6 Weighted Sum Analysis
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Part IIModeling, Risk Assessment and Vulnerability
10 Forest Health Monitoring using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Techniques
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
		10.2.1 Study Area
		10.2.2 Data Source
		10.2.3 Data Pre-processing
		10.2.4 Methodology
	10.3 Results and Discussion
		10.3.1 Result of FLAASH Atmospheric Correction
		10.3.2 Vegetation Indices (Vis) Based Forest Health Mapping
		10.3.3 Spectral Analysis Based Forest Health Mapping
		10.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
		10.3.5 Forest Health Validation
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Tree Density using Sentinel-1 Data
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methods for Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB)
		11.2.1 Field Measurement Methods
		11.2.2 Remote Sensing Approaches
	11.3 Study Area
	11.4 Materials and Method
		11.4.1 Data Sources
		11.4.2 Field Data Collection and AGB Measurement
		11.4.3 Methodology
	11.5 Results and Discussion
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12 Forest Fire Risk Assessment for Effective Geoenvironmental Planning and Management using Geospatial Techniques
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Materials and Methods
		12.2.1 Data Source
		12.2.2 Study Area
		12.2.3 Frequency Ratio Model (FR)
		12.2.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
		12.2.5 Meteorology
	12.3 Results and Discussion
		12.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
		12.3.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
		12.3.3 Criteria for Forest Fire Risk Zoning
		12.3.4 Frequency Ratio Based FFR
		12.3.5 Analytical Hierarchy Process Based FFR
		12.3.6 Comparative Analysis Between FR and AHP Models for FFR
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Forest Disturbance Analysis of Selected Blocks of Midnapore Subdivision using Digital Remote Sensing Technique
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 About the Study Area
	13.3 Materials Used
	13.4 Methodology
		13.4.1 Atmospheric Correction
		13.4.2 Forest Cover Mapping
		13.4.3 Shadow Index (SI)
		13.4.4 Bare Soil Index (BI)
		13.4.5 Modified Difference Vegetation Index (MAVI)
		13.4.6 Vegetation Density (VD)
		13.4.7 Scaled Shadow Index (SSI)
		13.4.8 Identification of Forest Cover Dynamics
		13.4.9 Forest Fragmentation Analysis
	13.5 Result and Discussion
		13.5.1 Forest Cover Dynamicity
		13.5.2 Status of Forest Regeneration and Degeneration
		13.5.3 Forest Disturbance Potential Zonation
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14 Comparison of AHP and Maxent Model for Assessing Habitat Suitability of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Study Area
	14.3 Data Base and Methodology
		14.3.1 Dactors derived form of Elevation layer
		14.3.2 Preparation of Other Factors
		14.3.3 Maxent Species Distribution Model
		14.3.4 Methodology for Maxent Species Distribution Model
		14.3.5 Overview of Factors that Affect Habitat of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus)
		14.3.6 Methodology for AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process)
	14.4 Results
		14.4.1 Maxent Species Distribution Model Result
		14.4.2 AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) Result
	14.5 Discussion
	14.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
15 Assessment of Forest Cover Dynamics using Forest Canopy Density Model in Sali River Basin: A Spill Channel of Damodar River
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Materials and Methods
		15.2.1 Study Area
		15.2.2 Data Source
		15.2.3 Methods
	15.3 Results and Discussion
		15.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
		15.3.2 Bareness Index
		15.3.3 Greenness Vegetation Index
		15.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index
		15.3.5 Shadow Index
		15.3.6 Forest Canopy Density
		15.3.7 Validation of Results
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16 Estimation of Aboveground Stand Carbon using Landsat 8 OLI Satellite Image: A Case Study from Turkey
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Materials and Methods
		16.2.1 Study Area
		16.2.2 Calculation of Aboveground Stand Carbon
		16.2.3 Remote Sensing Data
		16.2.4 Multivariate Linear Regression
		16.2.5 Artificial Neural Network Models
		16.2.6 Support Vector Machine Models
		16.2.7 Comparison Criteria
	16.3 Results and Discussion
	16.4 Conclusion
	References
17 Spatio-temporal Variation of Evapotranspiration Derived from Multi-temporal Landsat Datasets using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Method
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Study Area and Dataset
		17.2.1 Study Area
		17.2.2 Datasets
	17.3 Methodology
		17.3.1 Image Pre-processing
		17.3.2 Estimation of Land Surface Temperature (LST)
		17.3.3 Estimation of Evapotranspiration (ET)
		17.3.4 Upscaling of Estimated ET0
	17.4 Results and Discussion
		17.4.1 Seasonal Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) Over Dwarakeswar River Basin
		17.4.2 Variation of ET0 Over Different LULC
		17.4.3 Validation of Estimated ET0
	17.5 Conclusion
	References
18 Monitoring and Prediction of Dynamics in Sundarban Forest using CA–Markov Chain Model
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Study Area
	18.3 Materials and Methods
		18.3.1 Data Collection
		18.3.2 Image Classification and Accuracy Assessment
		18.3.3 Vegetation Health Indices
		18.3.4 Prediction of Mangrove Cover
	18.4 Results and Discussion
		18.4.1 Changes in Land Cover Over Time
		18.4.2 Changes of Forest Health Conditions
		18.4.3 Mangrove Changed Prediction Results
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
Part IIIRural Livelihood and Sustainable Management
19 Improving Potential Biodiversity and Human Footprint in Nothofagus Forests of Southern Patagonia through the Spatial Prioritization of their Conservation Values
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Materials and Methods
		19.2.1 Study Area
		19.2.2 Understory Assemblage Among the Different Forest Types
		19.2.3 Maps of Potential Biodiversity for Nothofagus Forests
		19.2.4 Maps of Human Footprint for Provinces and the Different Nothofagus Forest Types
		19.2.5 Landscape Analyses of Potential Biodiversity and Human Footprint
		19.2.6 Natural Reserve Networking Effectiveness
	19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.3.1 Understory Assemblage Among the Different Forest Types
		19.3.2 Potential Biodiversity Across the Different Nothofagus Forest Types
		19.3.3 Maps of Human Footprint for Provinces and the Different Nothofagus Forest Types
		19.3.4 The Last of the Wild of the Nothofagus Forests and Their Potential Biodiversity
	19.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
20 The Role of Local Communities in Sustainable Land and Forest Management
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Participation of Local Communities as a Key Pillar of Sustainable Forest Management and Its Typology
	20.3 Challenges and Barriers of Community Participation in Sustainable Forest Management
	20.4 Factors Influencing Local Community Involvement in Sustainable Forest Management
		20.4.1 Partnership Belief
		20.4.2 Existence of Participatory Institutions
		20.4.3 Providing Sufficient Information and Establishing an Information Network
		20.4.4 Access to Financial and Technical Resources
	20.5 Participatory Approaches and Techniques in Forest and Natural Resource Management
		20.5.1 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
		20.5.2 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
		20.5.3 Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA)
		20.5.4 Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)
	20.6 Practical Experiences of Local Community Participation in Forest Sustainability Management
		20.6.1 Honduras
		20.6.2 Bangladesh
		20.6.3 Zimbabwe
	20.7 Social Principles for Agricultural Extension and Interventions Aiming at Sustainable Management of Forests and Lands
	20.8 Summary and Conclusion
	References
21 Non-Timber Forest Products Based Household Industries and Rural Economy—A Case Study of Jaypur Block in Bankura District, West Bengal (India)
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Materials and Method
		21.2.1 The Study Area
		21.2.2 Database and Methodology
	21.3 Results and Discussion
		21.3.1 Non-timer Forest Products (NTFPs)
		21.3.2 Household Industry (HHI)
		21.3.3 Socio-economic Characters of Family and HHI Workers
		21.3.4 Marketing and Rural Economy
		21.3.5 Income Generation and Its Share in Total Income of the Household
		21.3.6 Women Economic Independency and Status in the Family
		21.3.7 Suggestive Measure for Sustainability of the Industry and Livelihood Development
	21.4 Conclusion
	References
22 Forest Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Forest Biodiversity
	22.3 Ecosystem Processes, Functions, Services Are Distinct Concepts
	22.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
	22.5 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions
	22.6 Forest Biodiversity, Multi-functionality and Trade-Offs Among Ecosystem Services
	22.7 Forest Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functions and Services
	22.8 Diversity Responses Under Environmental Fluctuations
	22.9 Diversity Effects to Stabilize Ecosystem Functions
	22.10 Ecosystem Services Perspective for Multifunctional Forestry
	22.11 Management in a Changing Climate
	22.12 Restoring Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
	22.13 Theory for Restoration
	22.14 Challenges
	22.15 Limitations
	22.16 Conclusion
	References
23 Transformation of Forested Landscape in Bengal Duars: A Geospatial Approach
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Study Area: The Bengal Duars
	23.3 Materials and Methods
		23.3.1 Data Collection and Processing
		23.3.2 Accuracy Assessment
	23.4 Results and Discussion
		23.4.1 Spectral Characteristics of Forest Cover
		23.4.2 Change Matrix
		23.4.3 Recent Conversion and Disturbance in Forested Landscape
	23.5 Conclusion
	References
24 Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions: Towards a Theoretical Framework
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Forests and Sustainable Development Goals
	24.3 Forest-Based Climate Change Social Intervention as a Way to Prevent Deforestation Under Climate Change
	24.4 Enabling Factors in Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
	24.5 Constraining Factors in Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
	24.6 The Uses of Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
	24.7 Typology of Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
		24.7.1 Interventions Related to Resource Rights
		24.7.2 Incentives and Rewards-Based Interventions
		24.7.3 Technological Interventions
	24.8 Summary and Conclusion
	References
25 Conversion of Land Use Land Cover and Its Impact on Ecosystem Services in a Tropical Forest
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Study Area
	25.3 Material and Methods
		25.3.1 LULC Classification
		25.3.2 LULC Change
		25.3.3 Assignment of ESV
		25.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
	25.4 Result and Discussion
		25.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Change
		25.4.2 Spatio-temporal Changing Pattern of Ecosystem Service Values
		25.4.3 Ecosystem Sensitivity Analysis
		25.4.4 Discussion
	25.5 Conclusion
	References
26 From Genesis to Awaited Success of Joint Forest Management in India
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Initiation and After
	26.3 Issues Before JFM
	26.4 Transforming Users to Managers
	26.5 Ecological Impact
	26.6 Productivity Enhancement
	26.7 Towards Sustainability
	26.8 Making JFM Meaningful
	26.9 Conclusion
	References
27 Google Earth Engine and Its Application in Forest Sciences
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Google Earth Engine
	27.3 Results and Discussion
		27.3.1 Imagery Classification in GEE
		27.3.2 Forest Change Detection in GEE
	27.4 Conclusion
	References
28 Free-Open Access Geospatial Data and Tools for Forest Resources Management
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Remote Sensing Technology in Forestry Application
	28.3 Open-Source Geospatial Tools and Technologies
	28.4 Open Source Satellite Data Used in Forest Mapping
	28.5 Spectral Vegetation Indices in Forestry Applications
	28.6 Open Source Software for Forest Data Mapping and Analyzing
	28.7 Open-Source Tools for Forestry Application
	28.8 Open Geospatial Platform and Forest Resource Mapping and Monitoring
		28.8.1 OpenLayers API’S
		28.8.2 MapX
		28.8.3 GFW Map Builder
		28.8.4 ArcGIS Open Data
		28.8.5 GEO and GEOSS
	28.9 Conclusion
	References