Spasticity: Mechanisms and Management

Front Matter....Pages I-XIV
Spasticity: History, Definitions, and Usage of the Term....Pages 1-5
Front Matter....Pages 7-7
Organisation of Cortico-motoneuronal Projections from the Primary Motor Cortex: Evidence for Task-Related Function in Monkey and in Man....Pages 8-24
Investigation of Descending Motor Pathways in Man....Pages 25-39
Propriospinal Transmission of Voluntary Movement in Humans....Pages 40-56
The Site of Activation of the Corticospinal System by Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex....Pages 57-66
Plasticity of the Human Motor Cortex....Pages 67-81
Discussion Summary....Pages 82-83
Discussion Summary....Pages 84-86
Front Matter....Pages 87-87
The Role of the Corticospinal Tract in Spasticity Studied by Magnetic Brain Stimulation....Pages 89-100
Do Rapidly Conducting Ipsilateral Corticospinal Pathways Contribute to Recovery in Adult Hemiplegia?....Pages 101-110
Strength Changes in Hemiparesis: Measurements and Mechanisms....Pages 111-122
Factors Underlying Abnormal Posture and Movement in Spastic Hemiparesis....Pages 123-138
Disturbances of Voluntary Arm Movement in Human Spasticity: The Relative Importance of Paresis and Muscle Hypertonia....Pages 139-149
Spastic Movement Disorder: Similarities and Differences in Children and Adults....Pages 150-154
Hyper-reflexia and Disordered Voluntary Movement....Pages 155-166
Discussion Summary....Pages 167-169
Discussion Summary....Pages 170-173
Front Matter....Pages 175-175
Regulated Properties of Motoneurons and Primary Afferents: New Aspects on Possible Spinal Mechanisms Underlying Spasticity....Pages 177-192
Functional Properties of the Neuromuscular System and Force Gradation....Pages 193-203
Development of an Animal Model for the Study of Spinal Spasticity....Pages 204-221
Front Matter....Pages 175-175
Monoaminergic Inhibitory Control of Spinal Interneurons....Pages 222-232
Discussion Summary....Pages 233-236
Front Matter....Pages 237-237
Pathological Changes in Spastic Muscle Reflexes Evoked by Passive Stretch or Tendon Taps....Pages 239-250
Spastic Paresis: Reflex Activity and Muscle Tone in Elbow Muscles During Passive and Active Motor Tasks....Pages 251-265
Discussion Summary....Pages 266-269
Front Matter....Pages 271-271
Methodological Problems in the Hoffmann Reflex Study of Spasticity....Pages 273-286
Signs of the Upper Motoneuron Syndrome in Relation to Soleus Hoffmann Reflex Tests....Pages 287-295
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Spasticity at the Spinal Cord Level....Pages 296-308
Dynamics of Reflex Excitability Following Intrathecal Baclofen Administration in Patients with Severe Spastic Syndromes....Pages 309-318
Task-Dependent Spinal Inhibition in Spastic Hemiplegia....Pages 319-332
Late Flexion Reflex in Paraplegic Patients: Evidence for a Spinal Stepping Generator....Pages 333-343
Kinematics of the Cat Hindlimb After Spinal Cord Hemisection....Pages 344-354
Discussion Summary....Pages 355-357
Discussion Summary....Pages 358-359
Front Matter....Pages 361-361
Spasticity of the Lower Urinary Tract: Therapeutic Strategies....Pages 363-371
New Developments in the Medical Treatment of Spasticity....Pages 372-384
Muscle Relaxant Action of Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists....Pages 385-397
Effect of Intrathecal Baclofen on Monosynaptic Reflex in Man....Pages 398-409
Comparison of Cyproheptadine, Clonidine and Baclofen on the Modulation of Gait Pattern in Subjects with Spinal Cord Injury....Pages 410-425
Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Spasticity Modification by Physiotherapy....Pages 426-438
Front Matter....Pages 361-361
Is Rehabilitation Effective in Spastic Syndromes?....Pages 439-450
Discussion Summary....Pages 451-453
Back Matter....Pages 455-465