Spanish/English contrasts : a course in Spanish linguistics

Spanish/English Contrasts
	CONTENTS
	FOREWORD
		Chapter 0— General Introduction: Language and Linguistics
			0.1— Language and Linguistics.
			0.2— Comparing and Contrasting Languages.
				0.2.1— Correspondences Between Languages.
				0.2.2— Pedagogical Implications of the Correspondences.
			0.3— The Limits of Linguistics in Language Pedagogy.
	PART ONE— PHONOLOGY
		Chapter 1— Introduction to Phonology
			1.0— Phonology vs. Orthography.
			1.1— Review of Phonetics.
				1.1.1— Classes of Sounds.
				1.1.2— Voicing.
				1.1.3— Place and Manner of Articulation.
				1.1.4— Vowels.
			1.2— Phonemes, Allophones, and Rules.
		Chapter 2— Phonemes
			2.0— Comparing Phonemic Systems.
			2.1— Consonants.
				2.1.1— General Comparison of Consonant Systems.
				2.1.2— Consonants with Different Articulations: /t d/.
				2.1.3— Unshared Consonants.
					2.1.3.1— The eñe /n*/.
					2.1.3.2— The Jota /x/.
					2.1.3.3— The Flap and Trill.
				2.1.4— Dialect Variations.
					2.1.4.1— Lleísmo vs. Yeísmo.
					2.1.4.2— /s q/: Distinción, Seseo, Ceceo, Ceseo.
						a— Laminoalveolar.
						b— Apicoalveolar.
						c— Apicodental.
			2.2— Vowels and Diphthongs.
				2.2.1— General Comparison of Systems.
				2.2.2— Diphthongs.
				2.2.3— Hiatus, Syneresis, and the Analysis of Glides.
				2.2.4— Linking (Liaison).
			2.3— The Combining of Phonemes into Syllables and Words.
			2.4— Phonemic vs. Orthographic Representation.
			Notes for Chapter 2
			Exercises for Chapter 2
		Chapter 3— Phonological Rules
			3.0— Types of Rules: Categorical and Variable, General and Dialectal.
			3.1— Spanish Rules.
				3.1.1— Glide Strengthening.
				3.1.2— Nasal Assimilation.
				3.1.3— Lateral Assimilation.
				3.1.4— S-Voicing.
				3.1.5— S-Aspiration.
				3.1.6— Spirantization of /b d g/.
				3.1.7— D-Deletion (or Fricative Deletion).
				3.1.8— Other Consonantal Processes: /n r r* c* f/.
				3.1.9— Vowel Weakening.
				3.1.10— Vowel Gliding.
			3.2— English Rules.
				3.2.1— Aspiration.
				3.2.2— Preglottalization.
				3.2.3— Flapping.
				3.2.4— Palatalization Before Yod.
				3.2.5— L-Velarization.
				3.2.6— Diphthongization.
				3.2.7— Vowel Reduction.
				3.2.8— Schwa Deletion.
			3.3— Order of Difficulty: Ranking Phonological Problems.
			Notes for Chapter 3
			Exercises for Chapter 3
		Chapter 4— Stress and Intonation
			4.0— Suprasegmentals.
			4.1— Stress.
				4.1.1— Stress Position.
				4.1.2— Degrees of Stress.
				4.1.3— Stress and Rhythm.
			4.2— Intonation.
			Notes for Chapter 4
			Exercises for Chapter 4
	PART TWO— GRAMMAR
		Chapter 5— Basic Notions of Grammatical Description
			5.0— The `Grammar' of Language.
			5.1— Morphology: Morphemes, Allomorphs, and Rules.
			5.2— Syntax: Word Order, Constituency, and Function.
			5.3— Grammatical and Ungrammatical.
		Chapter 6— Verb Morphology
			6.0— Verb Forms and Their Nomenclature.
			6.1— Spanish Finite Verb Forms.
				6.1.1— Endings as Slots for Morphemes.
				6.1.2— Stem Changes: Regular or Irregular?
					6.1.2.1— Orthographic Changing (c®qu, etc.).
					6.1.2.2— Orthographic Changing (i ® y).
					6.1.2.3— Glide-High Vowel Alternations ( i ~ í, u ~ ú ).
					6.1.2.4— Stressed Diphthongization and Raising ( e ® ie, i, etc.)
					6.1.2.5— Unstressed Raising (e ® i, o ® u).
					6.1.2.6— Velar Extension (c ® zc, etc.)
					6.1.2.7— Yod Extension (u ® uy)
					6.1.2.8— Yod Absorption (tiñó, etc.)
					6.1.2.9— Syncope of the Theme Vowel (Poderé ® poderé)
					6.1.2.10— Strong Preterites (hice, etc.)
					6.1.2.11— Other Changes.
			6.2— English Finite Verb Forms and Modals.
			6.3— Nonfinites and Compound Forms.
				6.3.1— Infinitives.
				6.3.2— Gerunds and Participles.
				6.3.3— `Absolutes'.
				6.3.4— Perfects, Progressives, Passives.
			6.4— Verb + Verb and Auxiliaries.
			Notes for Chapter 6
			Exercises for Chapter 6
		Chapter 7— Tense and Mood
			7.0— Approaches to Tense and Mood.
			7.1— The Basic Tense System of Spanish and English.
				7.1.1— Systemic Meanings.
					7.1.1.1— Present Perfect, Present, Future.
					7.1.1.2— Past Perfect, Past, Conditional.
					7.1.1.3— Future Perfect and Conditional Perfect.
					7.1.1.4— Summary of the Tense System.
				7.1.2— Nonsystemic Extensions.
					7.1.2.1— Historical and Anticipatory Present.
					7.1.2.2— Probability and Speculation.
					7.1.2.3— Conditionals and Hypotheticals.
				7.1.3— Two Aspects of One Tense: Preterite and Imperfect.
			7.2— The Contributions of Auxiliaries.
				7.2.1— Meanings of Modals.
				7.2.2— `Secondary' Modifications: Perfect and Progressive.
			7.3— Mood: Indicative vs. Subjunctive.
				7.3.1— The Tense System in the Subjunctive.
				7.3.2— The Meaning of Mood: Theories and Approaches.
					7.3.2.1— The Subjunctive as a Set of Uses Conditioned by the Main Clause.
					7.3.2.2— The Subjunctive as Conveying Unreality.
					7.3.2.3— The Subjunctive as a Signal of Unexperienced Events and the Influencing of Behavior.
					7.3.2.4— The Subjunctive as Optative-Dubitative vs. Attitude.
					7.3.2.5— The Subjunctive as a Marker of Presupposition.
				7.3.3— Summary of Mood Usage.
			Notes for Chapter 7
			Exercises for Chapter 7
		Chapter 8— Noun Phrase Syntax and Morphology
			8.0— Nouns and Noun Phrases.
			8.1— Functions of Noun Phrases with Verbs.
				8.1.1— Subject and Direct Object.
				8.1.2— Indirect Object or Involved Entity.
				8.1.3— Variation Between Direct and Indirect Objects.
				8.1.4— Different Construction, `Reverse' Construction.
			8.2— Noun Morphology.
				8.2.1— Number and the Count/Mass Distinction.
				8.2.2— Gender.
			8.3— Modifiers in the Noun Phrase.
				8.3.1— Noun Phrase Constituents.
				8.3.2— Possession and Other Noun-to-Noun Relationships.
				8.3.3— Articles, Demonstratives, and Other Determiners.
				8.3.4— Agreement and its Morphology.
			8.4— NP without N.
				8.4.1— Nominalization and Pronominalization.
				8.4.2— The Spanish Neuter.
			Notes for Chapter 8
			Exercises for Chapter 8
		Chapter 9— Pronouns
			9.0— Pronouns as Proforms.
			9.1— Nonreflexive Pronouns.
				9.1.1— Person.
				9.1.2— Gender.
				9.1.3— Case.
			9.2— Variation in the Pronoun System.
			9.3— Reflexives.
				9.3.1— Pseudo-Reflexive or `Spurious' se.
				9.3.2— True Reflexive se.
				9.3.3— Reciprocal se.
				9.3.4— Lexical or Inherent se.
				9.3.5— Meaning-Changing and/or Inchoative se.
				9.3.6— Intransitive or Decausative se.
				9.3.7— Reflexive se of Emotional Reaction.
				9.3.8— Causative se.
				9.3.9— Passive and Impersonal se.
				9.3.10— The So-called `Unplanned Occurrence'.
				9.3.11— Summary.
			9.4— The Syntax of Pronouns.
				9.4.1— Pronominalizing with Clitics.
				9.4.2— Sequences of Clitics.
			Notes for Chapter 9
			Exercises for Chapter 9
		Chapter 10— Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions
			10.0— Problems with the Uninflected Words.
			10.1— Lexical Relationships.
			10.2— Bases for Categorial Classification.
				10.2.1— Classification by Meaning.
				10.2.2— Classification by Formation.
					10.2.2.1— Adverbs.
					10.2.2.2— Prepositions.
					10.2.2.3— Conjunctions.
				10.2.3— Classification by Position and Function: The Adverbial Phrase.
			10.3— Semantic Problems.
				10.3.1— `But'.
				10.3.2— `So'.
				10.3.3— `To, in, from'.
				10.3.4— `For' and `by'.
				10.3.5— Abstract Relationships.
			10.4— Lexically or Grammatically Fixed Usage.
				10.4.1— Relators that Introduce Adverbial Idioms.
				10.4.2— Relators that are Functors.
			Notes for Chapter 10
			Exercises for Chapter 10
		Chapter 11— Word Order and Constituency
			11.0— Rules of Syntax.
			11.1— Phrase Structure Rules.
				11.1.1— Sentences.
				11.1.2— Phrases.
					11.1.2.1— Noun Phrases.
					11.1.2.2— Verb Phrases.
					11.1.2.3— Adverbial and Adjective Phrases.
					11.1.2.4— Other Details of Phrase Structure.
				11.1.3— NP Complements and Appositives.
				11.1.4— Summary.
			11.2— From Deep to Surface Structure.
				11.2.1— The Nucleus.
				11.2.2— Satellites.
				11.2.3— Transposed Satellites and `Personal' a.
			11.3— The Meaning of Spanish Word Order.
				11.3.1— Nucleus with Satellites.
				11.3.2— Nouns with Determiners and Quantifiers.
				11.3.3— Nouns with Adjectives.
				11.3.4— Summary and Generalization.
			Notes for Chapter 11
			Exercises for Chapter 11
		Chapter 12— Questions, Negations, Passives, and Commands
			12.0— Simple Affirmative Active Declarative Sentences.
			12.1— Questions.
				12.1.1— Tag and Yes/No Questions.
				12.1.2— Information (WH-) Questions.
			12.2— Negating and Disagreeing.
			12.3— Passive and Related Structures.
			12.4— Commands.
			Notes for Chapter 12
			Exercises for Chapter 12
		Chapter 13— Complex Sentences
			13.0— Compound vs. Complex Sentences.
				13.0.1— Types of Embedded Clauses.
				13.0.2— Reduced Clauses.
			13.1— Noun Clauses.
				13.1.1— As Subjects.
				13.1.2— As Objects.
					13.1.2.1— With Creer vs. Believe.
					13.1.2.2— With Decir vs. Say, Tell.
					13.1.2.3— With Preferir, Querer, Intentar vs. Prefer, Want, Try.
					13.1.2.4— With Mandar, Rogar, Impedir vs. Order, Beg, Prevent.
					13.1.2.5— With Hacer vs. Make, Have.
					13.1.2.6— With Ver vs. See.
					13.1.2.7— Querer + V vs. Poder + V.
					13.1.2.8— Clitic Promotion.
				13.1.3— Noun Clauses that are Questions.
			13.2— Adverbial Clauses.
				13.2.1— Preposition + Clause.
				13.2.2— Subordinating Conjunction + Clause.
				13.2.3— `Obligatorily Reduced' Adverbial Clauses.
			13.3— Relative or Adjective Clauses.
				13.3.1— Relativization According to NP Type.
				13.3.2— Relative Clauses Without Antecedents (`Headless').
				13.3.3— Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses.
				13.3.4— Reduced Relative Clauses: Infinitives and Participles.
			13.4— Comparative Sentences.
				13.4.1— Patterns and Forms.
				13.4.2— The Structure of Comparative Sentences.
			13.5— Complex Sentences: General Summary.
			Notes for Chapter 13
			Exercises for Chapter 13
	PART THREE— BEYOND GRAMMAR
		Chapter 14— Introduction to the Study of Words and Usage
			14.0— What it Means to Know a Word.
			14.1— An Example: The Meaning of Compadre.
			14.2— The Ranges of Usage and Meaning.
		Chapter 15— Words and Their Meanings
			15.0— The Lexicon.
			15.1— Derivational Morphology.
				15.1.1— Affixes.
				15.1.2— Compounding.
				15.1.3— Morphophonemics: Phonology in the Lexicon.
			15.2— Cognates: True Friends, or False?
			15.3— Dialect Differences in Vocabulary.
			15.4— Different Lexicons, Different Meanings.
				15.4.1— Differences in Denotation and Connotation.
				15.4.2— Verbs of Being: Ser vs. Estar.
			15.5— Idioms.
			Notes for Chapter 15
			Exercises for Chapter 15
		Chapter 16— Language Knowledge and Language Use
			16.0— Linguistic and Communicative Competence.
			16.1— The Pragmatics of the Speaker-Hearer Relation.
				16.1.1— Address and Reference, and Tú vs. Usted.
				16.1.2— Style and Style Shifting.
				16.1.3— Words of Group Identity: Argot and Slang.
			16.2— Proverbs and Other Cultural Allusions.
			16.3— Speech Acts and Their Verbal Lubricants.
			16.4— Aptitude and Attitude in Language Learning and Use.
			Notes for Chapter 16
			Exercises for Chapter 16
		Appendix 1— English/Spanish Glossary of Linguistic Terminology
		Appendix 2— Phonological Index
			a— Spanish Phonemes and their Major Allophones.
			b— English Phonemes and their Major Allophones.
			c— Diacritics.
			d— Boundaries.
			e— Descriptive Terms.
			f— Rules and Processes of Spanish Phonology.
			g— Rules and Processes of English Phonology.
	REFERENCES
	GENERAL INDEX
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		L
		M
		N
		O
		P
		Q
		R
		S
		T
		V
		W