Space Safety Regulations and Standards

Cover Page
......Page 1
Space Safety Regulationsand Standards......Page 2
Copyright
......Page 3
Acknowledgements......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
References......Page 7
EDITORS......Page 8
AUTHORS......Page 9
APPENDIX 4 -
Draft International Convention on the Removal of Hazardous Space Debris......Page 24
NAVIGATION-POSITIONING-TIMING......Page 469
THE INCREASING CHALLENGE......Page 25
THE START OF AN INTERNATIONAL SPACE SAFETY STANDARDS PROCESS......Page 26
THE SCOPE AND AIM OF SPACE SAFETY REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS......Page 27
CHAPTER 23 -
The international challenges of regulation of commercial space flight......Page 41
US Federal Law and Regulation Governing Commercial Spaceport Activities......Page 28
Background......Page 29
Conclusions and Results......Page 31
ARTICLE 2: OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES......Page 34
International Regulatory Processes......Page 307
Space Shuttle Program......Page 37
Space Exploration (Constellation) Program......Page 39
Notes......Page 40
Introduction......Page 378
Technical Regulation Legislation......Page 42
Minimizing risks......Page 43
Managing risks......Page 44
The Risk Management Process......Page 45
Risk Uncertainty......Page 48
Discussion and Remarks......Page 49
Human Space-Flight Rule......Page 50
Notes and references......Page 51
CHAPTER 18 -
An international Code of Conduct for responsible spacefaring nations......Page 250
Introduction......Page 53
EARTH OBSERVATION AND RECONNAISSANCE......Page 54
Flexible spaceways......Page 130
Population of space objects......Page 55
Product assurance and safety at the ESA......Page 56
Human Space-Flight Safety Standards......Page 58
The European Commission (EC)......Page 59
ComitE EuropEen de Normalisation (CEN)......Page 60
European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS)......Page 61
Impact and significance of the ECSS standards to safety standards in Europe......Page 62
Architecture of the ECSS standards on safety......Page 63
Content......Page 64
Published standards relating to safety......Page 66
Implementation and enforcement of safety standards......Page 67
SATELLITE-BASED EARLY WARNING AGAINST BALLISTIC MISSILES......Page 470
Technical Safety Standards......Page 68
Notes and references......Page 69
CHAPTER 5 -
The Proposed Space Preservation Treaty......Page 74
Spacecraft Survivability Engineering Standards for the Next Generation of Space Vehicles......Page 319
Origin of the FSOA......Page 75
Responses to the dilemma......Page 79
Qualification requirements......Page 108
The US concept......Page 82
FSOA licensing/authorization and control regime......Page 119
200 Scope......Page 423
Proposed Special Technical Regulation on Space Technology Safety......Page 86
Guideline 6: Limit the long-term presence of spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages in the low-Earth orbit (LEO) region after the end of their mission......Page 89
Technical regulation and standardization of the Russian Space Program......Page 93
Control......Page 197
Types of space technology standard......Page 95
Space safety standards......Page 96
Human-related safety standards......Page 98
Safety procedures for payload on board the International Space Station......Page 100
Rulemaking Activities in Response to the CSLAA......Page 167
Acknowledgements......Page 102
References......Page 103
APPENDIX 3 - Model code of conduct for responsible spacefaring nations
......Page 105
PREAMBLE......Page 447
Pre-Launch Safety Administration......Page 107
100 Purpose......Page 421
Insurance requirement before launching a space object......Page 109
Commercialization and space safety......Page 110
Spaceports......Page 111
Satellite application and safety......Page 112
STM AS A NEW CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO REGULATING
SPACE ACTIVITIES......Page 113
Notes......Page 479
Introduction......Page 116
Licenses......Page 117
Register of Space Objects......Page 118
Notes and references......Page 120
Introduction......Page 122
Activities in COPUOS......Page 123
“PRELIMINARY CERTIFICATION” BY AN INTERNATIONAL SPACE
SAFETY BOARD......Page 125
Conclusions......Page 126
CHAPTER 9 -
Regulatory procedures andnbspstandards for launch range safety for manned and unmanned launches......Page 127
Crew Safety Analysis Through Decomposition of Requirements......Page 129
TELECOMMUNICATIONS......Page 131
Conclusions......Page 139
References......Page 140
CHAPTER 10 -
Commercial systems due diligence in the application of standards and procedures designed to avoid the creation of orbital debris in GEO......Page 141
International Regulatory Roles Related to Space Safety......Page 142
PRE-Launch Coordination Activities......Page 143
Space Reactor Power Systems Design......Page 332
End-of-Life Decommissioning......Page 148
References......Page 149
APPENDIX 1 -
Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Cooperation on Civil and Commercial Space Safety Standards and the Establishment of an International Space Safety Standardization Organization......Page 256
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS SPACE DEBRIS......Page 153
Earth automated removal......Page 382
CHAPTER 21 - The United Nations and its efforts  to develop treaties, conventions, or guidelines to address key space issues including the de-weaponization of space and orbital debris
......Page 164
Launch and Re-entry Risk Management Objectives......Page 268
ARTICLE 1: PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES......Page 155
Current Requirements, Organization, and Processes......Page 157
Observational data......Page 158
Orbit data......Page 159
Risks and threats......Page 161
Conclusions......Page 162
References......Page 163
Defining the Goals for Next Steps Forward......Page 165
Need for Sub-Orbital Definitions to Clarify the Regulatory Regime......Page 166
Preamble......Page 450
3. Application......Page 169
FAA Consideration of Guidelines for Spacecraft Participants......Page 170
Other requirements that focus on safety of the uninvolved public but indirectly relate to crew and space-flight participant safety......Page 171
Need for an integrated and international safety organization......Page 172
Conclusions......Page 173
APPENDIX 2 -
Commercial Human Space-flight Vehicle ``Certification'' by an International Space Safety Board......Page 175
Opening Provisions: launch and re-entry sites......Page 176
Licensing Provisions: general scope and requirement to obtain......Page 177
Licensing Provisions: private exclusive-use launch sites......Page 178
Licensing Provisions: modification, transfer, suspension, or revocation......Page 179
Safety regulation in civil aviation......Page 180
Other Provisions......Page 181
Administrative hearings and judicial review......Page 182
Reactor types......Page 356
Pre-application consultation......Page 183
Proposal for safety regulation of space transportation......Page 198
211 Radiation......Page 434
Environmental review......Page 184
US National Space and Space Transportation Policy......Page 185
SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE [3]......Page 186
Introduction......Page 191
The existing European and domestic technical and legal framework for preparation and launch operations from Guyana Space Centre since 1976......Page 192
Ground range safety......Page 193
Flight safety......Page 194
ARTICLE III: PUBLIC SAFETY-VERIFICATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF PERMANENT BAN ON WAR IN SPACE AND SPACE-BASED WEAPONS......Page 195
ARTICLE IV: DUTIES OF STATE PARTIES AND OF THE UN SECRETARY GENERAL......Page 418
Development phase......Page 196
Specific regime for operations conducted from the European Spaceport (Guyana Space Centre)......Page 199
Introduction......Page 201
ARTICLE II: DEFINITION OF TERMS IN THIS TREATY......Page 202
2. Rationale......Page 203
Lack of specific safety rules for ISS commercial activities......Page 289
Analysis and assessment of the adequacy of the existing international regimes governing space activities......Page 233
Elements of STM: Findings from the Study by the International Academy of Astronautics of 2006......Page 206
SNAP-10A power system......Page 208
Environmental Control and Life-Support Systems (ECLSS) [FAA 460.11]......Page 209
Human factors [FAA 460.15]......Page 210
Specific systems and operations (vehicle)......Page 211
Crew/PAX qualification and training......Page 213
Crew training and qualification......Page 214
Aircraft Vulnerability/Survivability Heritage......Page 322
Passenger safety......Page 215
ARTICLE 4: FUNDING......Page 216
Legal implications of air operations when entering outer space......Page 217
Collision avoidance with other aviation traffic......Page 218
Potential Show-Stoppers to be Addressed......Page 220
Third-party liability......Page 221
Conclusions......Page 222
Notes and references......Page 245
APPENDIX 8 -
List of abbreviations......Page 480
Introduction......Page 227
Aerospace vehicles......Page 228
101 Scope......Page 229
Space tourism......Page 230
Safety regulation in space transportation......Page 231
The International Civil Aviation Organization......Page 235
202 Specific Catastrophic Hazardous Functions......Page 425
Launch vehicle, heat pipe radiator, and system integration......Page 237
Implementation of SARPs......Page 238
Responsibility and liability in civil aviation......Page 239
Analysis and assessment of the existing international regimes governing civil aviation......Page 241
Proposal for a Space Debris Removal System......Page 242
The starting point: expansion of the scope of Annex 14 (Aerodromes) to include spaceports......Page 243
Conclusions......Page 244
Activities in the CD......Page 279
The Role of Diplomacy......Page 252
RUSSIA AND CHINA SUBMIT A DRAFT TREATY BANNING
WEAPONS IN SPACE......Page 254
Conclusions......Page 255
The ICAO and Subsequent Application of the Chicago Convention as it Relates to Outer Space......Page 258
Precedent for a Broader Jurisdictional Interpretation: SARPs Addressing Security and the Environment......Page 259
CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE ICAO’s AUTHORITY TO REGULATE SATVs......Page 261
Notes and references......Page 264
CHAPTER 22 -
Toward an International Space Station Safety Authority......Page 286
International Risk Communication, Emergency Planning, and Emergency Response......Page 274
Notes and references......Page 277
Activities in the General Assembly......Page 283
Notes and references......Page 284
Next Steps Forward in Space Safety Regulations and Standards......Page 414
United Nations Space Treaties......Page 287
ISS agreements......Page 288
Shuttle payloads safety process as model......Page 291
The problem of multiple certifications......Page 292
ADDENDUM A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS......Page 442
The International Civil Aviation Organization......Page 295
Federal Aviation Administration and commercial launchers......Page 296
Setting up the ISS Safety Authority......Page 297
Conclusions......Page 298
Introduction......Page 300
The Drivers of Change......Page 301
Diversity of Approach to Development of New Space Vehicles and its Safety Implications......Page 306
Possible Methods to Enhance Safety with Regard to the Space Tourism Industry......Page 309
Conclusions......Page 310
Websites......Page 311
The Concept of ``Traffic'' in Outer Space......Page 312
STM and its Relation to Current Policy Activities......Page 316
Notes and references......Page 317
APPENDIX 6 -
European Parliament Resolution of 10 July 2008 on Space and Security......Page 467
The Spacecraft Survivability idea......Page 321
Orion Spacecraft Survivability (SCS)......Page 323
References......Page 325
Radioisotope Power Systems......Page 328
The Case for Space Reactor Power and Propulsion Systems......Page 331
ADDENDUM C: TABLES......Page 409
Materials selection and consideration......Page 335
Reactor types and energy conversion options......Page 337
Energy conversion options and structure materials......Page 338
The BUK power system......Page 341
The TOPAZ power system......Page 343
International Agreements on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space......Page 350
Earth Atmosphere and Space Reactor Power Systems......Page 352
Education and Training of Space Safety Professionals......Page 354
Reactivity control and safety......Page 355
SCoRe-NaK-TE power system for global civilian air and sea traffic control satellites......Page 357
Startup in orbit......Page 359
Reactivity control and reactor shutdown......Page 360
Radioactivity in SCoRe core after shutdown......Page 361
Integration of S^4-CBC space power system......Page 362
Safety and reliability features......Page 364
Scalable AMTEC Integrated Reactor Space (SAIRS) power system......Page 366
Summary and conclusions......Page 371
References......Page 373
Historic development......Page 379
Wreck removal in international waters......Page 380
Maritime wreck removal insurance......Page 381
105 Applicable Documents and Tables......Page 422
Space insurance......Page 383
An international technical institution......Page 384
Removal without prior consent......Page 385
Notes and references......Page 386
CHAPTER 28 -  International standards enhance interoperability: a safer lunar colony
......Page 390
Standards Evaluation Methodology......Page 391
Summary......Page 403
INTRODUCTION......Page 404
Safety Testing and Certification of Public and Private Spacecraft......Page 408
Additional Safety Measures and Difference in Approaches Between Public and Private Space-flight Systems......Page 410
ARTICLE 6: REPORTING LARGE SPACE DEBRIS......Page 453
Longer-term Launch Systems......Page 411
The Way Forward: Both Building on Existing Institutions and Regulation, and Creating New Processes and Procedures......Page 412
References......Page 413
ARTICLE I: PERMANENT BAN ON ALL SPACE-BASED WEAPONS AND WAR IN SPACE......Page 417
ARTICLE 5: TRANSITIONAL RULES......Page 420
201 Control of Hazardous Functions......Page 424
203 Hazard Detection and Corrective Safety......Page 428
207 Structures......Page 429
208 Materials......Page 432
209 Pyrotechnics......Page 433
214 Hazardous Operations......Page 435
217 Habitable Volume......Page 436
218 On-Orbit Resistance to Micro-meteoroids/Orbital debris......Page 439
ARTICLE 1: DEFINITIONS [1]......Page 440
306 Verification......Page 441
ADDENDUM B: APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS......Page 445
Document Numbers and Titles Referenced in Paragraph......Page 446
RIGHTS OF SPACEFARING STATES......Page 448
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPACEFARING STATES......Page 449
ARTICLE 3: SCOPE OF APPLICATION......Page 452
ARTICLE 7: DETERMINATION OF HAZARD......Page 454
ARTICLE 10: MEASURES TO FACILITATE THE REMOVAL OF SPACE DEBRIS......Page 455
ARTICLE 11: LIABILITY OF THE OWNER AND/OR OPERATOR......Page 456
ARTICLE 12: COMPULSORY REMOVAL INSURANCE OR OTHER FINANCIAL SECURITY......Page 457
Signatures......Page 458
Outer Space Peacekeeping Agency......Page 464
ARTICLE VII: REVIEW CONFERENCE......Page 465
ARTICLE IX: OFFICIAL LANGUAGES......Page 466
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 468
FINANCING......Page 471
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME FOR USES OF SPACE......Page 472
OTHER INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION......Page 473
INTRODUCTORY NOTE......Page 475
1. Background......Page 476
Guideline 1: Limit debris released during normal operations......Page 477
Guideline 5: Minimize potential for post-mission break-ups resulting from stored energy......Page 478
Index......Page 484