Space Micropropulsion for Nanosatellites: Progress, Challenges and Future

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Space Micropropulsion for Nanosatellites
Space Micropropulsion for Nanosatellites Progress, Challenges and Future
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Contents
Contributors
1 - 
Introduction
	1 - Emerging of nanosatellites
		1.1 Philosophy of micro- and nanosatellites
		1.2 The birth of CubeSats
		1.3 Launching of CubeSats
		1.4 First CubeSats
		1.5 CubeSats for scientific missions and commercialization
		1.6 CubeSats beyond the Earth
		1.7 The need of micropropulsion system
		References
2 - Chemical micropropulsions
	2 - Cold gas microthruster
		2.1 Background and principles of operation
		2.2 Nozzle theory
		2.3 Selection of propellant
		2.4 State of the art—system with flight heritage
			2.4.1 SNAP-1 (SSTL)
			2.4.2 MEPSI (The Aerospace Corporation)
			2.4.3 CanX-2 and CanX-4/5 (UTIAS/SFL)
			2.4.4 Delfi-n3xt (TNO, U. Twente, and TU Delft)
			2.4.5 POPSAT-HIP1 (microspace)
			2.4.6 PRISMA, TW-1A and GomX-4B (NanoSpace)
			2.4.7 NanoACE and MarCO (VACCO)
			2.4.8 BEVO-2 and ARMADILLO (University of Texas at Austin)
		2.5 Challenges and future
			2.5.1 Miniaturization of nozzle via MEMS approach
			2.5.2 Optimization of micronozzle design
				2.5.2.1 Past developments
				2.5.2.2 Current developments
		References
	3 - Solid-propellant microthruster
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Solid propellants
			3.2.1 Fuel
			3.2.2 Oxidizer
			3.2.3 Other reactants
			3.2.4 Propellants
		3.3 Solid-propellant propulsion fundamentals
			3.3.1 Thrust chamber pressure and stability
			3.3.2 Combustion model
		3.4 Design of solid-propellant thruster
		3.5 Progress in solid-propellant microthruster
			3.5.1 Non-MEMS microthruster
			3.5.2 MEMS-based microthruster
		3.6 Conclusion and future prospects
		References
	4 - Liquid propellant microthrusters
		4.1 Historical background and principles of operation
			4.1.1 Operating principles
		4.2 Liquid propellants
			4.2.1 Performance of propellant
			4.2.2 From bipropellant to monopropellant
			4.2.3 From macroscale to microscale
			4.2.4 Emerging of energetic ionic liquids as green propellant
		4.3 State-of-the-art liquid propellant microthruster
			4.3.1 Hydrazine thrusters
			4.3.2 EILs-based green propellant thrusters
				4.3.2.1 1 N HPGP propulsion system
				4.3.2.2 1 N green propellant reaction control system
				4.3.2.3 1 N GR-1 thruster
			4.3.3 From small satellites into nanosatellites
				4.3.3.1 LituanicaSAT-2
				4.3.3.2 M6P
				4.3.3.3 ELSA-1d
				4.3.3.4 ArgoMoon and Lunar Flashlight
				4.3.3.5 Pathfinder Technology Demonstration (PTD)
			4.3.4 Under development
				4.3.4.1 MR-140 hydrazine thrusters
				4.3.4.2 MPS-120 hydrazine and MPS-130 green propellant thrusters
				4.3.4.3 GR-1A and GR-M1 thrusters
				4.3.4.4 Pinot-G
				4.3.4.5 BGT-X1 and X5
				4.3.4.6 Green mono-propellant micropropulsion system
				4.3.4.7 MPUC
				4.3.4.8 PM200
		4.4 Challenges and future
			4.4.1 Bipropellant micropropulsion system
			4.4.2 Monopropellant micropropulsion system
		References
3 - Electric micropropulsions
	5 - Electrothermal microthruster
		5.1 Historical background and principle of operation
		5.2 Current state of the art of electrothermal micropropulsion
			5.2.1 Conventional microresistojet thrusters
			5.2.2 A less conventional option: low-pressure microresistojet thrusters
			5.2.3 An even less conventional option: solar thermal propulsion
		5.3 Selection of propellant for electrothermal microthrusters
		5.4 Theoretical analysis of conventional microresistojets
		5.5 Conclusion and future challenges
		References
		Further reading
	6 - Electrostatic microthrusters
		6.1 Background
		6.2 Principle of operation
			6.2.1 Ionization and plasma generation
			6.2.2 Ion acceleration
			6.2.3 Beam neutralization
		6.3 Selection of propellant
			6.3.1 Gaseous
			6.3.2 Liquid
			6.3.3 Solid
		6.4 Current state of the art
			6.4.1 Systems with flight heritage
			6.4.2 Systems under development
				6.4.2.1 Miniature gridded ion engines
				6.4.2.2 Miniature Hall effect thrusters
				6.4.2.3 Electrospray thrusters
		6.5 Challenges and future
			6.5.1 Optimization
		References
	7 - Electromagnetic microthrusters
		7.1 Background
		7.2 Thruster types
			7.2.1 Pulsed plasma thrusters and vacuum arc thrusters
				7.2.1.1 Alternative PPT/VAT technologies
				7.2.1.2 Lifetime and flight considerations
			7.2.2 Magnetic nozzle thrusters
		7.3 Current state of the art
			7.3.1 Systems with flight heritage
			7.3.2 Systems under development
		7.4 Challenges and future
		References
		Further reading
4 - Related development
	8 - Thrust measurement
		8.1 Thrust stand
			8.1.1 Introduction
			8.1.2 The displacement method
				8.1.2.1 Steady thrust
				8.1.2.2 Impulsive thrust
			8.1.3 The null-balance method
				8.1.3.1 Theory
				8.1.3.2 Controller design
				8.1.3.3 Dynamic response
			8.1.4 Thrust target
			8.1.5 Elements
				8.1.5.1 Materials
				8.1.5.2 Hinges
				8.1.5.3 Dampers
				8.1.5.4 Displacement sensors
				8.1.5.5 Electric actuators
				8.1.5.6 Counterweight
			8.1.6 Calibration
				8.1.6.1 Steady thrust
				8.1.6.2 Impulsive thrust
			8.1.7 State-of-the-art
				8.1.7.1 Sub μN and μNs measurement
				8.1.7.2 Simultaneous evaluation of thrust and propellant consumption for solid propellant thruster
				8.1.7.3 High-frequency thrust variation
				8.1.7.4 Thrust vector
			8.1.8 Summary
		References
	9 - Nanoenergetic for micropropulsion
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Combustion equations of nanoenergetic propellant
		9.3 Interior ballistic equations of microthruster
		9.4 Microthrust balance
			9.4.1 Vertical thrust balance
			9.4.2 Horizontal thrust balance
		9.5 Primary explosive propellant
		9.6 Nanothermite propellant
		9.7 Conclusion
		References
	10 - Solar sail as propellant-less micropropulsion
		10.1 Historical background
			10.1.1 Advantages and applications
			10.1.2 Historical development
		10.2 Principle of operations
			10.2.1 Transfer trajectories
			10.2.2 Solar sail non-Keplerian orbits
			10.2.3 Attitude control
			10.2.4 Structural control
		10.3 Solar sail in CubeSat
			10.3.1 NanoSail-D1
			10.3.2 NanoSail-D2
			10.3.3 LightSail project
			10.3.4 Under development project
		10.4 Challenges and future
			10.4.1 Orbital dynamics
			10.4.2 Material technologies
		References
	11 - Hydroxylammonium nitrate—the next generation green propellant
		11.1 Historical development
		11.2 Synthesis of hydroxylammonium nitrate
			11.2.1 Titration
			11.2.2 Electrodialysis
			11.2.3 Hydrolysis of oxime
			11.2.4 Synthesis analysis
		11.3 Properties and safety evaluation
			11.3.1 Physical properties, toxicity, and safety
			11.3.2 Vibration frequencies of HAN
			11.3.3 Detonation and autocatalysis
		11.4 Catalytic combustion of HAN
			11.4.1 Reaction mechanism
			11.4.2 Development in catalyst
		11.5 Challenges and future perspectives
		References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
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