Soundscapes: Humans and Their Acoustic Environment

The Acoustical Society of America
Series Preface
Preface 1992
Volume Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Soundscape: The Development of a New Discipline
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 What Is Soundscape?
		1.1.2 Purpose of this Volume
		1.1.3 Soundscape Research Priorities
		1.1.4 Sound Versus Noise
		1.1.5 The Soundscape Approach
	1.2 Measures and Measurements in Soundscape
		1.2.1 Context
		1.2.2 Acoustic Measurements
		1.2.3 Measuring Human Perception
	1.3 Disciplines Using Soundscape Methods
		1.3.1 Eco-Acoustics
		1.3.2 Soundwalks
		1.3.3 Architectural Applications
		1.3.4 Roles of Soundscape in Human Health
	1.4 Chapter Overview
	1.5 The Future of Soundscape Research
	References
Chapter 2: Soundscape: A Construct of Human Perception
	2.1 Introduction: The Measurability of Sensations
		2.1.1 History of Soundscape
		2.1.2 The Definition of Soundscape
	2.2 Perceptions of Environments
	2.3 Perceptions of Acoustic Environments
		2.3.1 How Sound Shapes Human Life
		2.3.2 Affective Qualities and Emotions Attributed to Acoustic Environments
		2.3.3 Human Perception of Acoustic Environments: ISO 12913-1
	2.4 Appraisal of Soundscapes: Processing Streams of Experiences
	2.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 3: Soundscape: The Holistic Understanding of Acoustic Environments
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Concept of Soundscape
		3.2.1 Background and Development: A Holistic Approach Responding to Community Noise
		3.2.2 Conceptual Framework: The Role of Local Experts in Soundscape
		3.2.3 Introduction of ISO 12913 Series
		3.2.4 Comprehensive Evaluation and Measurement in Soundscape
	3.3 The Holistic Grounding of Soundscape
		3.3.1 Conceptual Background
		3.3.2 Pioneering Soundscape Collaborations Across Acoustic Research Fields
		3.3.3 Noise Management and Soundscape
			3.3.3.1 Noise Management
			3.3.3.2 Common Interests Between Noise and Soundscape Assessment
		3.3.4 Multidisciplinary Case Studies
	3.4 Soundscape as a Paradigm Shift in Noise Control
		3.4.1 Soundscape Applied to Evaluating Environmental Experience
		3.4.2 Environmental Experience as a Conceptual Model for Soundscape
	3.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Soundscape and Urban Planning
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Research Versus Application in Soundscape and City Planning
		4.1.2 Objective Design Standards Based on Perceptions
		4.1.3 Soundscape and City Planning: Actualizing Positive Outcomes
	4.2 Urban Planning Principles
		4.2.1 Planning Overview
		4.2.2 Comprehensive Plan
		4.2.3 Urban Design Process
		4.2.4 Soundscape Connection to Urban Planning and Design
		4.2.5 The Path Forward
	4.3 Traditional Noise Control Practices and Urban Planning
		4.3.1 Noise Control from the Nineteenth Century Onward
		4.3.2 Current Noise Policy and Soundscape
			4.3.2.1 Noise Policy Status in Europe
			4.3.2.2 Noise Policy in the United States
		4.3.3 Traditional Methods for Characterizing Soundscapes
		4.3.4 Noise Control Ordinances
			4.3.4.1 Acoustical and Non-acoustical Measurement-Based Noise Ordinances
			4.3.4.2 Non-measurement-Based Noise Ordinances
			4.3.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Measurement-Based Ordinances
			4.3.4.4 Determining Audibility
			4.3.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-measurement-Based Ordinances
		4.3.5 The Need for Perception-Based Understanding of the Acoustical Environment
			4.3.5.1 Soundscape Principles
			4.3.5.2 Soundscape Studies
	4.4 Smart Growth Principles
		4.4.1 Soundscape Techniques as an Integral Part of Smart Growth
	4.5 Quality of Life: The Importance of Local Experts
		4.5.1 Scale of Soundscape Studies
		4.5.2 Application to Quality-of-Life Issues
	4.6 How to Implement the Toolbox
		4.6.1 Identify the Soundscape Space
		4.6.2 Identify the Methods for Implementation
		4.6.3 Identify the Stakeholder Populations
		4.6.4 Establish the Existing Conditions: Context
		4.6.5 Determine the Improved Conditions
		4.6.6 Create and Enable the Means Toward Improved Environments
		4.6.7 Implementing the Plan and Testing
	4.7 Soundscape Case Studies
	4.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Architectural Soundscapes: Theories, Methods, and Practice
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Defining an Architectural Soundscape
		5.1.2 Sonic Flows and Acoustical Rooms
	5.2 Design Theory for Architectural Soundscapes
		5.2.1 Levels of Architectural Soundscape Design
		5.2.2 Elements of Architectural Soundscape Design
	5.3 Developing Academic Case Studies
	5.4 Soundscape Principles in Architectural Acoustics Research
		5.4.1 Performance Halls
		5.4.2 Classrooms
		5.4.3 Courtrooms
		5.4.4 Music Rehearsal
		5.4.5 Worship Spaces
		5.4.6 Acoustical Texture
		5.4.7 Interaural Cross Correlation (IACC)
	5.5 Practical Application of Soundscape Elements in Specific Project Types
		5.5.1 Dining Spaces
		5.5.2 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
		5.5.3 Libraries
	5.6 Recent Research
		5.6.1 Disciplines Using Soundscape Ideas
		5.6.2 Sound and Noise
	5.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Psychoacoustics in Soundscape Research
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Listening to Acoustic Environments
		6.2.1 Spatial Hearing
		6.2.2 Aurally Accurate Measurements
			6.2.2.1 Binaural Recording
			6.2.2.2 Binaural Reproduction
		6.2.3 Aurally Accurate Measurements According to ISO/TS 12913-2
	6.3 Psychoacoustic Analysis of Acoustic Environments
		6.3.1 Introduction to Psychoacoustics
		6.3.2 Psychoacoustic Analysis of Acoustic Environments
		6.3.3 Psychoacoustics in Soundscape
	6.4 Benefits and Limitations of Psychoacoustics in the Context of Soundscape
	6.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Measurements and Techniques in Soundscape Research
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methods of Early Soundscape Research
	7.3 Current Data Collection Methods
		7.3.1 Measurements of the Physical World
			7.3.1.1 Binaural Measurements
			7.3.1.2 Multi-channel Audio Techniques
			7.3.1.3 Descriptors and Indicators
		7.3.2 Measurements of Perception
			7.3.2.1 Soundwalk
			7.3.2.2 Questionnaire
			7.3.2.3 Interview
			7.3.2.4 Observational Methods
			7.3.2.5 Bio-Monitoring
			7.3.2.6 Big Data
		7.3.3 Data Collection According to ISO/TS 12913-2
	7.4 Analysis Approaches
		7.4.1 Correlation Approaches
		7.4.2 Classification Approaches
	7.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 8: Triangulation as a Tool in Soundscape Research
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Multiple Approaches for Analyzing Soundscape
		8.2.1 Measuring People
		8.2.2 Measuring with People
		8.2.3 Measuring in a Human-Mimicking Way
	8.3 Purpose of the Analyses
		8.3.1 Theory Development and Theory/Hypothesis Testing
		8.3.2 Mapping, Trend Analysis, and Impact Prediction
	8.4 Linking Mixed Methods
		8.4.1 Imprecision and Vagueness
		8.4.2 Causality Links
	8.5 Toward Soundscape Prediction
		8.5.1 From Characterization to Design
		8.5.2 Overview of Available Models
	8.6 Summary: Soundscape and Triangulation
		8.6.1 Triangulation as a Theoretical Approach
		8.6.2 Triangulation as an Analysis Method
		8.6.3 Triangulation as a Research Agenda
	References
Chapter 9: Soundscape and Health
	9.1 Introduction: A Conceptual Perspective on Soundscape and Health
	9.2 Status of Research on Environmental Noise and Health
		9.2.1 Noise as a Harmful Environmental Factor
		9.2.2 Noise as an Annoyance
	9.3 Status of Research on Soundscape and Health
		9.3.1 Introduction to the Concept of Soundscape
		9.3.2 Auditory System Mechanisms and Multi-sensory Integration
		9.3.3 “Subjective” and “Objective” Measurements
	9.4 Soundscape and Health
		9.4.1 Outline of the Review
		9.4.2 Selected Studies on the Health Effect of Soundscapes
		9.4.3 Selected Examples of Multisensory Experiences and Combined Exposures
		9.4.4 Greenspace, Soundscape, Restoration, and Health
			9.4.4.1 Theoretical Premise
			9.4.4.2 Greenspace, Acoustic Environment, and Health
			9.4.4.3 Greenspace, Acoustic Environment, and Annoyance
		9.4.5 Lockdown Soundscapes
		9.4.6 Operationalization of Soundscape and Health-Relevance of Acoustic Indicators
			9.4.6.1 Characterization of the Soundscape by Appropriate Indicators
			9.4.6.2 Improving Classical Acoustic Measures
			9.4.6.3 Psychoacoustic Measures
			9.4.6.4 Genuine Soundscape Measures
			9.4.6.5 Improved Sound and Soundscape Mapping Procedures
			9.4.6.6 Soundscape Indicators and Audiovisual Assessments Related to Tranquility and Restoration
		9.4.7 Caveats in Extant Soundscape Research and Recommendations to Move Forward
	9.5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Hospital Soundscapes
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Why Do We Care About Hospital Soundscapes?
		10.2.1 Exposure to Hospital Noise—The Demographics
		10.2.2 Economic Importance
		10.2.3 Hospital Design and Noise Interact
		10.2.4 Patient Views on the Hospital Soundscape
	10.3 The Characterization of Hospital Noise
		10.3.1 Sound Pressure Levels
		10.3.2 Sound Spectra
		10.3.3 Sound Levels Over Time
			10.3.3.1 Loudness Measures
			10.3.3.2 OR(N) as a Measure
		10.3.4 Speech in Hospitals
		10.3.5 Alarms
	10.4 The Impact of Hospital Soundscapes on Staff and Patients
		10.4.1 The Impact of the Hospital Soundscapes on Staff
		10.4.2 Staff Stress and Auditory Monitoring
		10.4.3 Hearing Loss and Staff Performance
		10.4.4 The Impact of the Hospital Soundscapes on Patients
			10.4.4.1 Sleep
			10.4.4.2 Physiology
			10.4.4.3 Psychology
		10.4.5 Studies of the Hospital Soundscape Using Soundscape/Analytical Approaches
	10.5 Interventions
		10.5.1 Source Interventions
		10.5.2 Path Interventions
		10.5.3 Receiver Interventions
	10.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 11: How to Put Soundscape into Practice
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Soundscape in Urban Planning
		11.1.2 Soundscape Action Plan, Interventions, and Stakeholders
	11.2 Soundscape Design and Interventions
		11.2.1 From Soundscape Design to Soundscape Intervention
		11.2.2 Examples of Soundscape Interventions
		11.2.3 The Social Dimension of Soundscape Interventions
	11.3 Implementing Soundscape into Practice
		11.3.1 Co-creation
		11.3.2 Training in Participation
		11.3.3 Integrating the Virtual Experience
	11.4 Summary
	References