Solution Chemistry: Mineral and Reagents

contents.pdf......Page 3
preface.pdf......Page 5
Brief review of the solution chemistry of reagent/mineral systems......Page 6
References......Page 8
Solution equilibria equivalents......Page 10
Strong acid and strong base type of reagents......Page 11
Mono weak acid-weak base weak type of reagents......Page 12
Weak multiatomic acid type reagents......Page 13
Multiatomic weak acid-strong base type of reagents......Page 14
Cationic flotation reagents......Page 16
Amphoteric flotation reagents......Page 17
phi-pH diagram and flotation effect of Na2S......Page 18
phi-pH diagram and flotation effect of sodium silicates......Page 20
logC-pH and flotation effect of sodium phosphate (Na3PO4)......Page 21
logC-pH diagram for oleate and amine......Page 23
Role of associated species (ion-molecule complexes) in flotation......Page 28
Thermodynamics of micellization (Arai et al., 1971; Rosen, ?)......Page 31
Mass action model......Page 32
Structure and aggregation number of micelles......Page 34
Theoretical......Page 35
Empirical......Page 39
Hydrophobic association energy, phi......Page 43
Surface tension reduction method......Page 44
Zeta-potential method......Page 45
Flotation method......Page 47
References......Page 48
Solubility product in water......Page 50
Sulfide minerals......Page 51
Oxide minerals......Page 52
Closed system......Page 54
Phosphate minerals......Page 55
Sulfate minerals......Page 56
Hydrolysis equilibria of ionic species......Page 57
Heterogeneous system......Page 58
Activation of flotation by hydroxy ions......Page 60
logC-pH diagram......Page 62
Carbonate-phosphate minerals......Page 67
Electrical double layer model......Page 70
References......Page 77
Adsorption and interaction forces of reagents......Page 78
Electrostatic forces......Page 84
Chemical forces......Page 85
Microstructure of adsorbed layer of surfactants and polymers on minerals......Page 87
Fluorescence spectroscopy......Page 93
Polymer conformation in the adsorbed state......Page 97
Electron spin resonance (ESR)......Page 98
Raman spectroscopy......Page 100
Surface and bulk interactions between dissolved mineral species and flotation agents......Page 103
Competitive adsorption......Page 104
Floatability, adsorption and dissolved species......Page 105
Characterization of surface and bulk precipitates......Page 109
Molecular model of oleate on francolite and dolomite......Page 114
Competitive reaction between collector ion and hydroxyl ions in sulfide flotation......Page 115
Determination of flotation conditions for polymetallic sulfides......Page 116
Delta G-pH diagrams......Page 117
Xanthate-sulfide system......Page 118
Depression of galena with chromate salt......Page 121
Reactions between chelating agents and chrysocolla......Page 123
Depression of flotation of wolframite and calcite using citric acid (Wang and Hu, 1985)......Page 125
phi-pC diagram of oxalic acid and depression with it......Page 127
Dominant species diagrams......Page 128
Electrochemical equilibria......Page 132
Eh-pH diagrams of xanthate-H2O systems......Page 134
Eh-pH diagrams of diethyldithiocarbamate-H2O systems......Page 135
Electrochemical equilibria of sulfide minerals......Page 136
Flotation of galena and pyrite......Page 138
Hydroxide ion......Page 139
Hydrosulfide ions......Page 140
Galena-xanthate systems......Page 141
Chalcocite-diethyldithiocarbamate (DTP) systems......Page 142
References......Page 145
Classification of flotation agents......Page 147
Structure of minerophilic groups......Page 148
Relationship between the structure of the minerophilic group and its adsorption on mineral surface......Page 149
The polar group and hydrogen bonding......Page 150
Bonding ability and specificity......Page 151
Induction effect in molecules of thiocarbonates......Page 154
Induction effect in molecules of thiophosphates......Page 155
Collectors for nonsulfide minerals......Page 156
Complexing (chelating) agents......Page 157
Role of non-polar groups......Page 158
Normal saturated straight chains......Page 161
Iso-alkyl chains......Page 162
Unsaturated chains......Page 164
Other non-polar groups......Page 165
Criteria for frother performance......Page 166
Polar groups and solubility......Page 168
Degree of dissociation and frothing performance......Page 170
Iso-alkyl and unsaturated chain......Page 172
Classification......Page 173
Depression mechanisms......Page 174
Structure of organic depressant......Page 176
Structure of organic depressants for Cu2+-activated quartz......Page 178
Organic depressants for Fe3+-activated wolframite and quartz......Page 179
Modified starch......Page 181
Tannin......Page 183
Gums......Page 184
Types of flocculants and flocculation......Page 185
Inorganic electrolytes as coagulants......Page 186
Adsorption by electrostatic force......Page 189
Adsorption by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force......Page 190
Activation between organic flocculants and collectors or depressants......Page 191
Molecular weight......Page 192
Particle size vs. chain length and dissociation property of the polymer......Page 193
Coagulation by electrolytes......Page 195
Effect of flocculant dosage......Page 196
Molecular orbital (MO) index......Page 197
Hydrophilic-hydrophobic factor and criteria......Page 199
Hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (HHB) of collector molecule......Page 200
Steric factors......Page 201
Molecular design of new collectors......Page 203
References......Page 205
index.pdf......Page 206
The Ka values of commonly used anionic flotagents (Tables [text=A1.1-A1.5]tabA1.1,tabA1.2,tabA1.3,tabA1.4,tabA1.5)......Page 216
Proton addition constants of some flotation reagents......Page 218
Stability coefficients of metallic ionic hydroxy complex......Page 219
Solubility products of some minerals and compounds......Page 220