Solution Chemistry

contents.pdf......Page 1
preface.pdf......Page 3
Brief review of the solution chemistry of reagent/mineral systems......Page 4
References......Page 6
Solution equilibria equivalents......Page 8
Strong acid and strong base type of reagents......Page 9
Mono weak acid-weak base weak type of reagents......Page 10
Weak multiatomic acid type reagents......Page 11
Multiatomic weak acid-strong base type of reagents......Page 12
Cationic flotation reagents......Page 14
Amphoteric flotation reagents......Page 15
phi-pH diagram and flotation effect of Na2S......Page 16
phi-pH diagram and flotation effect of sodium silicates......Page 18
logC-pH and flotation effect of sodium phosphate (Na3PO4)......Page 19
logC-pH diagram for oleate and amine......Page 21
Role of associated species (ion-molecule complexes) in flotation......Page 26
Thermodynamics of micellization (Arai et al., 1971; Rosen, ?)......Page 29
Mass action model......Page 30
Structure and aggregation number of micelles......Page 32
Theoretical......Page 33
Empirical......Page 37
Hydrophobic association energy, phi......Page 41
Surface tension reduction method......Page 42
Zeta-potential method......Page 43
Flotation method......Page 45
References......Page 46
Solubility product in water......Page 48
Sulfide minerals......Page 49
Oxide minerals......Page 50
Closed system......Page 52
Phosphate minerals......Page 53
Sulfate minerals......Page 54
Hydrolysis equilibria of ionic species......Page 55
Heterogeneous system......Page 56
Activation of flotation by hydroxy ions......Page 58
logC-pH diagram......Page 60
Carbonate-phosphate minerals......Page 65
Electrical double layer model......Page 68
References......Page 75
Adsorption and interaction forces of reagents......Page 76
Electrostatic forces......Page 82
Chemical forces......Page 83
Microstructure of adsorbed layer of surfactants and polymers on minerals......Page 85
Fluorescence spectroscopy......Page 91
Polymer conformation in the adsorbed state......Page 95
Electron spin resonance (ESR)......Page 96
Raman spectroscopy......Page 98
Surface and bulk interactions between dissolved mineral species and flotation agents......Page 101
Competitive adsorption......Page 102
Floatability, adsorption and dissolved species......Page 103
Characterization of surface and bulk precipitates......Page 107
Molecular model of oleate on francolite and dolomite......Page 112
Competitive reaction between collector ion and hydroxyl ions in sulfide flotation......Page 113
Determination of flotation conditions for polymetallic sulfides......Page 114
Delta G-pH diagrams......Page 115
Xanthate-sulfide system......Page 116
Depression of galena with chromate salt......Page 119
Reactions between chelating agents and chrysocolla......Page 121
Depression of flotation of wolframite and calcite using citric acid (Wang and Hu, 1985)......Page 123
phi-pC diagram of oxalic acid and depression with it......Page 125
Dominant species diagrams......Page 126
Electrochemical equilibria......Page 130
Eh-pH diagrams of xanthate-H2O systems......Page 132
Eh-pH diagrams of diethyldithiocarbamate-H2O systems......Page 133
Electrochemical equilibria of sulfide minerals......Page 134
Flotation of galena and pyrite......Page 136
Hydroxide ion......Page 137
Hydrosulfide ions......Page 138
Galena-xanthate systems......Page 139
Chalcocite-diethyldithiocarbamate (DTP) systems......Page 140
References......Page 143
Classification of flotation agents......Page 145
Structure of minerophilic groups......Page 146
Relationship between the structure of the minerophilic group and its adsorption on mineral surface......Page 147
The polar group and hydrogen bonding......Page 148
Bonding ability and specificity......Page 149
Induction effect in molecules of thiocarbonates......Page 152
Induction effect in molecules of thiophosphates......Page 153
Collectors for nonsulfide minerals......Page 154
Complexing (chelating) agents......Page 155
Role of non-polar groups......Page 156
Normal saturated straight chains......Page 159
Iso-alkyl chains......Page 160
Unsaturated chains......Page 162
Other non-polar groups......Page 163
Criteria for frother performance......Page 164
Polar groups and solubility......Page 166
Degree of dissociation and frothing performance......Page 168
Iso-alkyl and unsaturated chain......Page 170
Classification......Page 171
Depression mechanisms......Page 172
Structure of organic depressant......Page 174
Structure of organic depressants for Cu2+-activated quartz......Page 176
Organic depressants for Fe3+-activated wolframite and quartz......Page 177
Modified starch......Page 179
Tannin......Page 181
Gums......Page 182
Types of flocculants and flocculation......Page 183
Inorganic electrolytes as coagulants......Page 184
Adsorption by electrostatic force......Page 187
Adsorption by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force......Page 188
Activation between organic flocculants and collectors or depressants......Page 189
Molecular weight......Page 190
Particle size vs. chain length and dissociation property of the polymer......Page 191
Coagulation by electrolytes......Page 193
Effect of flocculant dosage......Page 194
Molecular orbital (MO) index......Page 195
Hydrophilic-hydrophobic factor and criteria......Page 197
Hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (HHB) of collector molecule......Page 198
Steric factors......Page 199
Molecular design of new collectors......Page 201
References......Page 203
index.pdf......Page 204
The Ka values of commonly used anionic flotagents (Tables [text=A1.1-A1.5]tabA1.1,tabA1.2,tabA1.3,tabA1.4,tabA1.5)......Page 214
Proton addition constants of some flotation reagents......Page 216
Stability coefficients of metallic ionic hydroxy complex......Page 217
Solubility products of some minerals and compounds......Page 218