Solid Waste Engineering and Management: Volume 2

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Sustainable Solid Waste Management
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Municipal Solid Waste
		1.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Generation
		1.2.2 Sources and Classification of Solid Waste
		1.2.3 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste
		1.2.4 Improper Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
	1.3 Sustainable Solid Waste Management
		1.3.1 Definition of Sustainability
			Environment Pillar
			Social Pillar
			Economic Pillar
		1.3.2 Definition of Solid Waste
		1.3.3 Definition of Solid Waste Management
		1.3.4 Sustainability Indicators in Solid Waste Management
			Environmental Indicators
			Economic Indicators
			Social Indicators
			Brief Summary
		1.3.5 Interlinkage Solid Waste Management and Sustainable Development Goals
			SDG 1 – No Poverty
			SDG 2 – Zero Hunger
			SDG 3 – Good Health and Well Being
			SDG 4 – Quality Education
			SDG 5 – Gender Equality
			SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation
			SDG 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy
			SDG 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth
			SDG 9 – Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
			SDG 10 – Reduce Inequalities
			SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities
			SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production
			SDG 13 – Climate Change
			SDG 14 – Life Below Water
			SDG 15 – Life on Land
			SDG 16 – Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
			SDG 17 – Partnerships for the Goals
		1.3.6 Solid Waste Management Value Chain
			Collection
			Transportation
			Utilization
			Disposal
	1.4 Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management
		1.4.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management Framework
			Physical Components
			Governance Components
		1.4.2 Components of Integrated Waste Management System
		1.4.3 Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
		1.4.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management System
	1.5 Solid Waste Handling
		1.5.1 Waste Collection
			Collection Point
			Collection Frequency
			Storage Containers
			Collection Personnel
			Collection Route
			Transfer Station
		1.5.2 Waste Storage
		1.5.3 Transfer Station
			Types of Stations According to the Sizes
			Types of Transfer Stations According to Categories
			Transfer Station Capacity
		1.5.4 Waste Collection System Design
		1.5.5 Waste Transportation
			Transfer Station and Transfer
		1.5.6 Composting
			Open Aerated Composting Systems
			Contained Composting Systems
		1.5.7 Waste Disposal
			Incineration
			Landfilling
	1.6 Social–Economical Aspects of Solid Waste Management
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
Glossary
Chapter 2: Single Waste Stream Processing and Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
	2.1 Material Recovery Facility (MRF) Description
		2.1.1 Introduction to MRF
		2.1.2 Types of MRF and the Unit Operation for Waste Processing
		2.1.3 MRF Flow Sequences and Sorting Technology
		2.1.4 Introduction to Single-Stream MRF and Mixed Waste MRF
		2.1.5 Introduction to PreSorted
		2.1.6 Introduction to Dual-Stream MRF
		2.1.7 Details Process Flow of Single-Stream MRF
			Preliminary Steps in Receiving Waste
			Metering Flow of Materials Through the Conveyor
			Paper Recovery Process
			Glass Recovery in Process
			Ferrous Recovery for Aluminum and Metals
			Sorting Plastic Containers
			Design for Sorting Technique (Automated Versus Manual)
			Densification or Compaction
			Storing and Balling of End Product
	2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-Stream MRF
		2.2.1 Advantages of Single-Stream MRF
		2.2.2 Disadvantages of Single-Stream MRF
		2.2.3 Case Studies
	2.3 Factors Affecting Single-Stream MRF Efficiency
		2.3.1 Factors Affecting MRF to Production
			Quality of Materials Sorted
			Range of Materials in MRF and Sorting Level
			Manual Versus Automated Sorting Technique
			Level of Residues and Degree of Contamination
		2.3.2 Factors Influencing Sustainable Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste
			Site Selection
			Nature of The Waste Generators and Waste Collection Method
			Amount and Quality of Household Waste Generation
			Effect of Moisture Contents on the Recycling
		2.3.3 Environmental Impact Evaluation for MRF and SSR
		2.3.4 Sustainable Development in Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF)
	2.4 Economic Evaluation and Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Stream MRF
		2.4.1 Single-Stream MRF Design and Material Composition
		2.4.2 Economic Evaluation
		2.4.3 Life Cycle Assessment
		2.4.4 General LCA Implication on Waste Management System
			Case Study Comparison of Different Practice in Waste Management System
			Goal and Scope
			Inventory Analysis
			Impact Assessment
			Interpretation of LCA Result
		2.4.5 Manual Calculation for LCA of MRF
		2.4.6 Case Studies of Economic Evaluation and Life Cycle Inventory Between Dual and Single MRF
	2.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Glossary
Chapter 3: Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management and Disposal
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management
	3.3 Construction and Demolition Waste
		3.3.1 Characterization of Construction Waste
		3.3.2 Characterization of Brick Waste
		3.3.3 Characterization of Tile Wastes
		3.3.4 The Causes of Construction Waste
		3.3.5 Waste Causal Factor
		3.3.6 Waste Quantity
		3.3.7 Factors Influencing Generation of Construction Waste
		3.3.8 Labor Productivity and Waste Generated
		3.3.9 Effect of Age and Workers’ Experience on Labor Productivity
		3.3.10 Management Issues in Waste Generated
	3.4 Construction and Demolition Waste Management
		3.4.1 Waste Management Hierarchy in Waste Management
			(a) Implementing 3R Concept for Waste Disposal (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)
			(b) Sources Reduction and Reuse in Waste Management
			(c) Reuse of Existing Materials
			(d) Recycling and Composting Principles
			(e) Energy Recovery in Waste Management
			(f) Treatment and Disposal Method
		3.4.2 Waste Minimization in Construction Sites
			(a) Construction Waste Minimization Strategy
			(b) The Need for Waste Minimization
			(c) Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Waste Minimization
		3.4.3 Code of Practices in Solid Waste Management
			(a) National Solid Waste Management Department (NSWMD) in Malaysia
			(b) Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation (SWCORP)
	3.5 Disposal of Construction and Demolition Waste
	3.6 Dive into Reality of Construction Waste Generation
	3.7 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 4: Recovery of Plastic Waste
	4.1 History of Plastic
	4.2 Plastic Production and Environmental Concern
	4.3 Types of Plastic
	4.4 Additives in Plastic
	4.5 Properties of Plastic
		4.5.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Plastics
		4.5.2 Chemical Properties of Plastics
	4.6 Future Perspective of Plastic Waste Treatment Through Recycling and Recovery
	4.7 Mechanical Recycling
		4.7.1 Plastic in Concrete
			Density
			Workability
			Compressive Strength
			Water Adsorption
			Flexural Strength
			Modulus of Elasticity
			Thermal Conductivity, Heat Capacity, and Thermal Diffusivity
			Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Permeability, and Salt Migration
		4.7.2 Plastic in Road Construction
			Dry Density
			Moisture Content
			Water Adsorption
			Penetration, Viscosity, and Softening Value
			Compressive Strength
			Deformability Index, Ductility, and Resilient Modulus
			Marshall Stability
			Hydraulic Conductivity
		4.7.3 Plastic in Soil Treatment
			Plastic as Soil Stabilizer
			Plastic as Soil Liner
	4.8 Energy Recovery
		4.8.1 Combustion/Incineration Technologies
		4.8.2 Factors Affecting Energy Recovery
			Heating Values
			Temperature and Pressure of Boiler
	4.9 Chemical Recovery
		4.9.1 Chemolysis
			Methanolysis
			Glycolysis
			Hydrolysis
			Ammonolysis and Aminolysis
			Hydrogenation
		4.9.2 Thermolysis
			Hydrothermal
			Gasification
			Pyrolysis/Cracking
				Thermal Cracking
				Catalytic Cracking
				Hydrocracking
	4.10 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 5: Solid Waste and Marine Litter Management
	5.1 Introduction to Marine Waste and Litter
	5.2 Types and Amount of Marine Litter
		5.2.1 Floating Litter
		5.2.2 Sunken Litter
	5.3 Sources and Distribution of Marine Litter
		5.3.1 Sea-Based Litter
		5.3.2 Land-Based Litter
		5.3.3 Ocean Gyre
	5.4 Guideline for Marine Litter
		5.4.1 Beach Litter Sampling
		5.4.2 Benthic Litter Sampling
		5.4.3 Floating Litter Sampling
	5.5 Microplastics and the Marine Environment
	5.6 Post COVID-19 Situation on Marine Litter Trend
	5.7 Regulations on Ocean Dumping for Marine Environment Protection
		5.7.1 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972): United States
		5.7.2 London Convention (1972) and London Protocol (1996)
		5.7.3 Marine Environmental Governance Policy of China
		5.7.4 Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981: Australia
	5.8 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 6: Sewage Sludge Recycling and Disposal
	6.1 Sewage Sludge
		6.1.1 Source of Sewage Sludge
		6.1.2 Production of Sewage Sludge
		6.1.3 Properties of Sewage Sludge
			Chemical Composition
			Nutrients
			Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge
			Mineralogy in Sewage Sludge
			Surface Morphology of Sewage Sludge
			Physical Characteristics
			Geotechnical Properties
			Mechanical Properties
		6.1.4 Classification of Sewage Sludge
	6.2 Treatment and Disposal of Sewage Sludge
		6.2.1 Prevention
		6.2.2 Reuse and Recycling
			Land Application
			Composting
			Thermal Treatment
			Cement Replacement
			Landfill Cover
		6.2.3 Recovery
		6.2.4 Disposal
			Ocean Dumping
			Landfilling
	6.3 Recycling of Sewage Sludge for Landfill Cover Application
		6.3.1 Overview of Landfill and Landfill Cover
		6.3.2 Requirement of Landfill Cover
			Hydraulic Conductivity
			Strength
			Durability
			Chemical Contamination/Leachability
	6.4 Modifying Agent
		6.4.1 Red Gypsum
		6.4.2 Lime
		6.4.3 Fly Ash
		6.4.4 Ground Granulated Blast Slag
		6.4.5 Silica Fume
	6.5 Role of Modifying Agent
		6.5.1 Binder
			Hydraulic Binder
			Pozzolans
		6.5.2 Aggregate
			Types of Aggregate
			Properties of Aggregate
		6.5.3 Filler
			Types of Fillers
			Properties of Fillers
	6.6 Effect of Mixing Composition Ratio on Sewage Sludge Performance
		6.6.1 Optimum Design Mix
		6.6.2 Optimum Moisture Content
		6.6.3 Plasticity
		6.6.4 Hydraulic Conductivity
		6.6.5 Compressive Strength
			Strength Formation
			Role of Ca:Si
		6.6.6 Environmental Impact
			Sewage Sludge Mobility
			Effect of compaction on leaching
			Effect of Compaction on Other Properties
	6.7 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 7: Restaurant Waste Recycle and Disposal
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
		7.1.2 Restaurant Waste
	7.2 Sources, Composition, and Characteristic of Restaurant Waste
		7.2.1 Sources of Restaurant Wastes
			Overproducing food
			Trimming
			Immoderate Food Displays
			Incorrect/Oversized Portion Sizing
		7.2.2 Composition and Characteristic of Restaurant Waste
	7.3 Environmental Policy, Law and Regulation of Food Waste
		7.3.1 Policy and Regulation of Food Waste in Selected Asian Countries
	7.4 Management and Recycling of Restaurant Waste
		7.4.1 Recycling, Reuse, and Waste Reduction in the Restaurant Industry
		7.4.2 Recycling of Food Waste for Animal Feeding
		7.4.3 Food Waste Composting for Resource Recovery
		7.4.4 Valorization of Food Waste into Biogas
		7.4.5 Food Waste Recycling into Biobased Chemical Building Block
	7.5 Disposal of Restaurant Waste from Global Warming Point of View
	7.6 Case Studies of Restaurant Waste Treatment
		7.6.1 Direct Production of Lactic Acid by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF): A Case Study from a Mixed Restaurant Food Waste in ATB Potsdam, Germany
		7.6.2 Food Waste Conversion into Potential Biorefinery Products: A Case Study from Restaurants in Monastiraki Square and Plaka, Athens, Greece
		7.6.3 Restaurant Waste Treatment and Management on Board Cruise Ships in International Waters
	7.7 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 8: Sanitary Landfill Types and Design
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Classification of Sanitary Landfill
	8.3 Sanitary Landfill
		8.3.1 Sanitary Landfill Life Cycle
		8.3.2 Sanitary Landfill Impact
			Air Pollution and Atmospheric
			Groundwater Pollution
			Soil and Land Pollution
			Landfill Fires
		8.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Sanitary Landfill
	8.4 Sanitary Landfill Design
		8.4.1 Site Selection
		8.4.2 Landfill Liners
		8.4.3 Sanitary Landfilling Method
		8.4.4 Cell Arrangement
		8.4.5 Landfill Cover System
		8.4.6 Land Area and Landfill Capacity Requirement
		8.4.7 Erosion Control by the Slope’s Design
		8.4.8 Vegetation
		8.4.9 Landfill Closure
		8.4.10 Storm Water Management
		8.4.11 Leachate and Gas Management
	8.5 Future Use of the Sanitary Landfill
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 9: Landfill Leachate Collection and Characterization
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Leachate Generation and Model Prediction
		9.2.1 Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP)
		9.2.2 Water Balance
	9.3 Leachate Collection Systems
		9.3.1 Leachate Collection System Design
			Design Considerations
			Collection Pipes
				Bottom Pipes
				Inclined Pipes
				Vertical Pipes
				Retention Pits and Valve
			Design Criteria and Equations
		9.3.2 Design Flow and Cross-Sectional Area
			Design Flow
			Rainfall Intensity and Coefficient of Discharge
			Cross-Sectional Area
		9.3.3 Clogging and Failure in Leachate Collection Systems
			Mechanical Damages
			Clogging in Drainage Pipes and Drainage Layer
		9.3.4 Case Studies on Clogging in Landfill Leachate Collection System
		9.3.5 General Recommendations on Design and Materials
	9.4 Leachate Characteristics and Quality
		9.4.1 Case Studies on Leachate Quality and Characterization
		9.4.2 Analytical Techniques and Methods Used for Leachate Characterization
	9.5 Leachate Recirculation
		9.5.1 History and Definition of a Leachate Recirculation System
		9.5.2 Objectives and Purposes of a Leachate Recirculation System
		9.5.3 General Effects of a Leachate Recirculation System
		9.5.4 Leachate Recirculation Conceptual Design
			Balancing of Seasonal Flow for Leachate (Normally 5–10 L per ton)
			Gas Generation (Stimulation; 100–200 L/ton)
			Contaminant Flushing (3000 L/ton)
		9.5.5 Leachate Recirculation Systems
		9.5.6 Operational Issues and Management in Leachate Recirculation Systems
			Reduction and Clogging in the Performance of Injection Infrastructure
			The Need for Leachate Treatment Prior to Reinjection
			Flooding of Gas Wells
			Daily Cover
			Effect of Settlement
			Clogging of a Basal Drainage Layer
			Obtaining Sufficient Volumes for Leachate Recirculation
			Slope Instability
		9.5.7 Case Studies Involving Leachate Recirculation
			Conceptual Design of the Model
			Analysis of Leachate Flow and Slope Stability
			Summaryspiepr Sec47
				The Influence of Leachate Recirculation Ratio on Food Waste Degradation in Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion Integrated System (Case Study)
			Background
			The Influence on Solubilization and Hydrolysis in LBR
				Leachate Recirculation Assessment with the Addition of Cellulase to Improve Waste Bio-stabilization and the Production of Gas (Case Study)
			Methodology
			Benefits Associated with the Addition of Enzymes to an Existing Leachate Recirculation Operation
				Tangible Costs
				Tangible Benefits
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
Glossary
Chapter 10: Landfill After-Care Management Plan
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Definition
	10.3 Landfill Technology
		10.3.1 Introduction
		10.3.2 Landfills in the World
		10.3.3 Categories of Landfill
		10.3.4 Lifespan of Landfill
		10.3.5 Landfilling Process
			Introduction
			Landfilling Method
				Area Method
				Trench Method
				Depression Method
			Potential Environmental Effects and General Concerns
	10.4 Management Phases of Landfill
	10.5 Landfill Control Facilities
		10.5.1 Control Mechanism at the Landfill
		10.5.2 Monitoring Protocols at the Landfill
			Monitoring the Buried Waste
			Leachate and Discharged Water Monitoring
			Groundwater Monitoring
				The Number and Location of Monitoring Wells
				Monitoring Parameters and Frequency
			Monitoring of Gas Generation
			Monitoring of Bad Odors
			Surveillance of the Surrounding Environment
			Future Planning Monitoring
			Safety Precautions
	10.6 After-care Legislation and Management
		10.6.1 Legislative Aspects and Directives
		10.6.2 Post-closure Management
	10.7 Methods for Evaluating Landfill After-Care Completion Phase
		10.7.1 Method 1: After-Care Evaluation Through Target Values
		10.7.2 Method 2: After-Care Evaluation Using Impact/Risk Assessment
		10.7.3 Method 3: After-Care Evaluation Through Performance-Based System
	10.8 Different Countries Regulatory Procedures for After-Care Completion
		10.8.1 Austria
		10.8.2 Canada
		10.8.3 England
		10.8.4 France
		10.8.5 Germany
		10.8.6 Japan
		10.8.7 The Netherlands
		10.8.8 Practical Examples/Case Study
			Austria-Breitenau Landfill
			France-Etueffont Landfill
			Vietnam-Go Cat Landfill, Ho Chi Minh City
	10.9 Economic Aspects of Landfill After-Care
	10.10 Conclusion and Summary
	Glossary
	References
Index