Solid State Physics

Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
About the Author
1 Crystal Structure
	1.1 Amorphous and Crystalline Materials
	1.2 Lattice Points, Basis and Crystal Structure
		1.2.1 The Linear Lattice
		1.2.2 The Plane Lattice
		1.2.3 The Space Lattice
	1.3 Unit Cell and Primitive Cell
		1.3.1 Wigner–Seitz Cell
		1.3.2 Areas and Volume of Unit Cells
	1.4 Symmetry Operations
		1.4.1 Rotational Symmetry
		1.4.2 Mirror Symmetry
		1.4.3 Inversion Symmetry
		1.4.4 Rotoinversion
	1.5 Two Dimensional Lattices
	1.6 Three Dimensional Lattices
	1.7 Counting Lattice Points/Atoms in Two Dimensional Lattice
	1.8 Counting Lattice Points/Atoms in Three Dimensional Lattice
	1.9 Point Coordinates
	1.10 Crystal Directions
	1.11 Miller Indices
	1.12 Interplaner Distance Between Two Nearest (hkl) Planes
	1.13 Density
	1.14 Linear and Planer Densities
	1.15 Some Simple Crystal Structures
		1.15.1 Hexagonal and Cubic Closed Packed
		1.15.2 Sodium Chloride Structure
		1.15.3 Cesium Chloride Structure
		1.15.4 Diamond Structure
		1.15.5 Cubic Zinc Sulphide Structure
		1.15.6 Wurtzite
2 Chemical Bonding in Solids
	2.1 Attractive and Repulsive Forces
	2.2 Ionic Bonding
	2.3 Covalent Bonding
	2.4 Metallic Bonding
	2.5 The Hydrogen Bonding
	2.6 The Van Der Waals Bonding
	2.7 Comparison Between Bonds of Various Kinds
3 Defects in Solids
	3.1 Classification of Defects
	3.2 Point Defects
		3.2.1 Vacancy Defects
		3.2.2 Schottky Defects
		3.2.3 Frenkel Defects
		3.2.4 Colour Centres
	3.3 Line Defects
		3.3.1 Edge Dislocation
		3.3.2 Screw Dislocation
		3.3.3 Burger Vector
	3.4 Surface Defects
		3.4.1 Grain Boundaries
		3.4.2 Tilt Boundaries
		3.4.3 Twin Boundaries
		3.4.4 Stacking Fault
4 Elements of Quantum Mechanics
	4.1 De-Broglie Hypothesis
	4.2 Uncertainity Relation
		4.2.1 The Time Dependent Schrödinger Equation in One Dimension
		4.2.2 The Time Dependent Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimension
	4.3 The Wave Function
		4.3.1 Statistical Interpretation
		4.3.2 Normalization of the Wave Function
		4.3.3 Probability Current Density
	4.4 Time Independent Schrödinger Equation
	4.5 Stationary States
	4.6 Boundary Conditions
	4.7 Hydrogen Atom
	4.8 Harmonic Oscillator
	4.9 Pauli Exclusion Principle
5 X-Ray Diffraction
	5.1 X-Rays
	5.2 Reciprocal Lattice
	5.3 BRAGG’s Law
	5.4 Diffraction Condition
	5.5 Ewald Construction
	5.6 Laue Equations
	5.7 Brillouin Zones
	5.8 Experimental Methods
	5.9 Structure Factor
6 Lattice Vibrations
	6.1 Phonons
	6.2 The One-Dimensional Monoatomic Lattice
	6.3 The Linear (One Dimensional) Diatomic Lattice
	6.4 Acoustical and Optical Branches
	6.5 Density of States
7 Thermal Properties of Solids
	7.1 Classical Lattice Heat Capacity
	7.2 Einstein Model of Specific Heat
	7.3 Debye Model of Specific Heat
	7.4 Thermal Expansion
	7.5 Thermal Conductivity
	7.6 Lattice Thermal Resistivity
	7.7 Normal and Umklapp Processes
8 Free Electron Theory of Metal
	8.1 Drude–Lorentz Model
		8.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
		8.1.2 Wiedemann and Franz Law
		8.1.3 Specific Heat of Electrons
		8.1.4 Shortcoming of the Model
	8.2 Free Electron Gas in an Infinite Square Well Potential
	8.3 Density of States
	8.4 Fermi–Dirac Distribution and Fermi Level
	8.5 The Population Density, Fermi Energy, Fermi Wave Vector, Fermi Velocity and Fermi Temperature for Metals
	8.6 Variation of Fermi Energy with Temperature
	8.7 Heat Capacity of Free Electrons
	8.8 Thermionic Emission
	8.9 Boltzmann Equation
	8.10 Electrical Conductivity
9 Band Theory
	9.1 Electronic Energy Levels of a Free Atom
	9.2 Origin of Energy Bands
	9.3 Bloch Theorem
	9.4 Kronig–Penney Model
	9.5 E-k Curves: Brillouin Zones
	9.6 Number of States in a Band
	9.7 Electrons and Holes
	9.8 Effective Mass
	9.9 Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators
	9.10 Direct and Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors
	9.11 Nearly Free Electron Model
	9.12 Tight-Binding Approximation
10 Semiconductors
	10.1 Doping and Defects in Semiconductors
	10.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors
	10.3 Extrinsic Semiconductors
	10.4 Electrons and Hole Concentration in Intrinsic Semiconductor (Law of Mass Action)
	10.5 Concentration of Electrons and Holes in Extrinsic Semiconductors
	10.6 Temperature Dependence of Electrons and Holes Concentration
	10.7 Fermi Level
	10.8 Scattering
	10.9 The p–n Junction
	10.10 Hall Effect
11 Dielectric Properties of Solids
	11.1 The Dielectric Constant
	11.2 Types of Polarization
	11.3 Gauss’s Law in the Presence of a Dielectric
	11.4 Three Electric Vectors
	11.5 Concept of Local Molecular Fields
	11.6 Clausius Mossotti Relation
	11.7 Orientational Polarization
	11.8 Classical Theory of Electronic Polarization
	11.9 Behaviour of Dielectrics in Alternating Electric Field
	11.10 The Complex Dielectric Constant
	11.11 Ferroelectricity
	11.12 Piezoelectricty
	11.13 Dispersion
12 Magnetic Properties of Matter
	12.1 Angular Momenta and Magnetic Moment of Atoms
		12.1.1 Orbital Magnetic Moment
		12.1.2 Spin Magnetic Moment
	12.2 DIA, PARA, FERRI and Ferromagnetic Materials
	12.3 Classical Langevin Theory of Diamagnetism
	12.4 Classical Langevin Theory of Paramagnetism
	12.5 Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
	12.6 Ferromagnetism
	12.7 Weiss Theory of Spontaneous Magnetization
	12.8 Ferromagnetic Domains
	12.9 B-H Curve
	12.10 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials
13 Magnetic Resonance
	13.1 Electron Spin Resonance
		13.1.1 Resonance Condition
		13.1.2 Description of ESR by Precession
		13.1.3 Relaxation Mechanisms
		13.1.4 Bloch Equations
		13.1.5 Paramagnetic Ion in a Crystalline Field
		13.1.6 Effective Spin
		13.1.7 Features of ESR Spectra
	13.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
		13.2.1 The Principle of the Phenomenon
		13.2.2 Relaxation Mechanisms
		13.2.3 Chemical Shift
		13.2.4 Spin–Spin Coupling
	13.3 Mössbauer Effect
		13.3.1 Isomer (Chemical) Shift
		13.3.2 Quadrupole Splitting
		13.3.3 Magnetic Hyperfine Structure
14 Superconductivity
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Superconducting System
	14.3 Elementary Properties of Superconductors
		14.3.1 Critical Magnetic Field
		14.3.2 Meissner Effect
		14.3.3 Isotope Effect
		14.3.4 Specific Heat
		14.3.5 Thermal Conductivity
	14.4 London Equations and Penetration Depth
	14.5 Classification of Superconductors (Type I and Type II)
	14.6 BCS Theory
	14.7 Variation of Superconducting Energy Gap with Temperature
	14.8 Tunnelling and the Josephson Effect
	14.9 High Temperature Superconductors
15 Nanomaterials
	15.1 Nanomaterials
16 Optical Properties
	16.1 Classification of Optical Processes
	16.2 Refraction and Absorption
	16.3 Reflection
	16.4 Kramers–Kronig Relationship
	16.5 Interband Transitions
	16.6 Direct Transitions
	16.7 Indirect Transitions
	16.8 Excitons
	16.9 Colour Centres
	16.10 Photoconductivity
		16.10.1 Variation of Photoconductivity with Illumination
		16.10.2 Sensitivity or Gain Factor (G)
		16.10.3 Effect of Traps
	16.11 Luminescence
17 Semiconductor Devices
	17.1 Tunnel Diode
	17.2 Gunn Diode
	17.3 Varactor Diode
	17.4 Photodiode
	17.5 Photoconductive Cell
	17.6 Photovoltaic Effect
	17.7 Solar Cell
	17.8 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
	17.9 Semiconductor Lasers
	17.10 Semiconductor Detector
Selected Bibliography
Index