Solid State and Semiconductor Physics

Preface......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
1.1. Concept of Solid......Page 9
1.2. Unit Cells and Bravait Lattices......Page 10
1.3. Some Simple Crystal Structures......Page 14
1.4. Crystal Planes and Miller Indices......Page 18
1.5. Spacing of Planes in Crystal Lattices......Page 20
1.6. General Classification of Crystal Types......Page 23
2.1. Introduction......Page 27
2.2. Physics of X-Ray Diffraction......Page 30
2.3. The Atomic Scattering Factor......Page 33
2.4. The Geometrical Scattering Factor......Page 35
2.5. The Reciprocal Lattice......Page 38
2.6. The Bragg Condition in Terms of the Reciprocal Lattice......Page 42
3.1. Elastic Vibrations of Continuous Media......Page 46
3.2. Group Velocity of Harmonic Wave Trains......Page 48
3.3. Wave Motion on a One-Dimensional Atomic Lattice......Page 50
3.4. The One-Dimensional Diatomic Lattice......Page 56
3.5. The Forbidden Frequency Region......Page 60
3.6. Optical Excitation of Lattice Vibrations in Ionic Crystals......Page 61
3.7. Binding Energy of Ionic Crystal Lattices......Page 63
4.2. Black Body Radiation......Page 72
4.3. The Photoelectric Effect......Page 74
4.4. Specific Heat of Solids......Page 75
4.5. The Bohr Atom......Page 77
4.7. Wave Mechanics......Page 80
4.8. The Time Dependence of the Wave Function......Page 84
4.9. The Free Particle and the Uncertainty Principle......Page 87
4.10. A Particle in an Infinitely Deep One-Dimensional Potential Well......Page 92
4.11. A Particle in a One-Dimensional Well of Finite Depth......Page 96
4.12. The One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator......Page 103
4.13. Orthogonality of Eigenfunctions and Superposition of States......Page 111
4.14. Expectation Values and Quantum Numbers......Page 114
4.15. The Hydrogen Atom......Page 120
4.16. Electron Spin, the Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic System......Page 132
5.1. Introduction......Page 137
5.2. The Distribution Function and Density of Sates......Page 138
5.3. The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution......Page 142
5.4. Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics of an Ideal Gas......Page 150
5.5. Fermi-Dirac Statistics......Page 157
5.6. The Bose-Einstein Distribution......Page 164
6.1. Classical Calculation of Lattice Specific Heat......Page 168
6.2. The Einstein Theory of Specific Heat......Page 170
6.3. The Debye Theory of Specific Heat......Page 173
6.4. The Phonon......Page 178
6.5. Thermal Expansion of Solids......Page 180
6.6. Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Solids......Page 182
7.1. Introduction......Page 188
7.2. The Boltzmann Equation and the Mean Free Path......Page 189
7.3. Electrical Conductivity of a Free-Electron Gas......Page 194
7.4. Thermal Conductivity and Thermoelectric Effects in Free Electron Systems......Page 199
7.5. Scattering Process......Page 204
7.6. The Hall Effect and Other Galvanomagnetic Effects......Page 207
7.7. The Thermal Capacity of Free-Electron Systems......Page 209
8.1. Introduction......Page 216
8.2. The Bloch Theorem......Page 217
8.3. The Kronnig-Penney Model of an Infinite One-Dimensional Crystal......Page 220
8.4. Crystal Momentum and Effective Mass......Page 225
8.5. Reduced Zone Representation; Electrons and Holes......Page 228
8.6. The Free Electron Approximation......Page 232
8.7. The Tight Binding Approximation......Page 239
8.8. Dynamics of Electrons in Two- and Three-Dimensional Lattices; Constant Energy Surfaces and Brillouin Zones......Page 244
8.9. Insulators, Semiconductors and Metals......Page 253
8.10. The Density of States Function and Phase Changes in Binary Alloys......Page 257
9.1. Semiconductors......Page 264
9.2. Intrinsic Semiconductors and Impurity Semiconductors......Page 267
9.3. Statistics of Holes and Electrons -The Case of the Intrinsic Semiconductor......Page 271
9.4. Ionization Energy of Impurity Centers......Page 275
9.5. Statistics of Impurity Semiconductors......Page 278
9.6. Case of Incomplete Ionization of Impurity Levels (Very Low Temperature)......Page 283
9.7. Conductivity......Page 285
9.8. The Hall Effect and Magnetoresistance......Page 289
9.9. Cyclotron Resonance and Ellipsoidal Energy Surfaces......Page 298
9.10. Density of States, Conductivity and Hall Effect with Complex Energy Surfaces......Page 308
9.11. Scattering Mechanisms and Mobility of Charge Carriers......Page 316
10.1. Introduction......Page 328
10.2. Transport Behaviour of Excess Carriers; The Continuity Equations......Page 329
10.3. Some Useful Particular Solutions of the Continuity Equation......Page 341
10.4. Drift Mobility and the Haynes-Shockley Experiment......Page 350
10.5. Surface Recombination and the Surface Boundary Condition......Page 354
10.6. Steady State Photoconductivity......Page 359
10.7. Transient Photoconductivity; Excess Carrier Lifetime......Page 362
10.8. Recombination Mechanisms; The Shockley-Read Theory of Recombination......Page 369
11.1. Preparation of High-Purity Semiconductor Materials......Page 379
11.2. The Growth of Single Crystal Samples......Page 384
11.3. Measurement of Bulk Resistivity......Page 386
11.4. Measurement of Impurity Content and Mobility by the Hall Effect......Page 389
11.5. Measurement of Excess Carrier Lifetime......Page 390
11.6. Dislocations and othe Imperfections......Page 391
12.1. The pn-Junction......Page 398
12.2. The Equilibrium Internal Contact Potential......Page 401
12.3. Potentials and Fields in the Neighborhood of a pn-Junction......Page 403
12.4. Simplified Mathematical Model of the Abrupt pn-Junction......Page 406
12.5. Junction Capacitance; Determination of Interval Potential......Page 412
13.1. Theory of the pn-Junction Rectifier......Page 416
13.2. Currents and Fields in pn-Junction Rectifiers......Page 424
13.3. Junction Rectifiers of Finite Size; the Effect of Surfaces and Ohmic end Contacts......Page 428
13.4. Physical Mechanisms of Breakdown in pn-Junctions......Page 432
13.5. pn-Junction Fabrication Technology......Page 436
13.6. pnp and npn Junction Transistors......Page 439
14.1. pn-Junctions at High Current Densities......Page 454
14.2. The Analysis of the p+in+ Rectifier at High Current Levels......Page 456
14.3. Forward Voltage Drop in pin Rectifiers as a Function of Temperature......Page 464
15.1. The pn Photovoltaic Effect and the pn-Junction Photovoltaic Cells......Page 469
15.2. Other Photodevices; Phototransistors, Particle Detectors and Infrared Detectors......Page 476
15.3. pnpn Controlled Rectifiers......Page 477
15.4. Tunnel Diodes......Page 480
15.5. Unipolar or Field Effect Transistors......Page 483
16.1. Metal-Semiconductor Contacts in Equilibrium......Page 486
16.2. Metal-Semiconductor Contact Rectification......Page 490
16.3. Surface States and the Independence of Rectifying Properties of Work Functions......Page 493
16.4. Potential, Charge and Field within a Semiconductor Surface Layer......Page 497
16.5. Surface Conductivity, Field Effect and Surface Mobility; Properties of Actual Semiconductor Surfaces......Page 503
Appendix A. The Dirac Delta Function......Page 508
Appendix B. Tensor Analysis......Page 510
Index of Names......Page 513
Index of Subjects......Page 515